Targeted mechanical forces enhance the effects of tumor immunotherapy by regulating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment

Mechanical forces in the tumor microenvironment(TME)are associated with tumor growth,proliferation,and drug resistance.Strong mechanical forces in tumors alter the metabolism and behavior of cancer cells,thus promoting tumor progression and metastasis.Mechanical signals are transformed into biochemical signals,which activate tumorigenic signaling pathways through mechanical transduction.Cancer immunotherapy has recently made exciting progress,ushering in a new era of“chemo-free”treatments.However,immunotherapy has not achieved satisfactory results in a variety of tumors,because of the complex tumor microenvironment.Herein,we discuss the effects of mechanical forces on the tumor immune microenvironment and highlight emerging therapeutic strategies for targeting mechanical forces in immunotherapy.

2-羟基-1-萘甲醛缩邻苯二胺席夫碱及其铜(Ⅱ)配合物的合成及组成测定——介绍一个大学化学综合实验

设计开发了一个大学化学综合性实验,合成了2-羟基-1-萘甲醛缩邻苯二胺席夫碱及其铜(Ⅱ)配合物,分别采用化学分析法和仪器分析法对配合物的组成进行了测定,并结合红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对产物的结构进行了表征,取得了满意的实验结果。该实验一定程度上弥补了大学化学教学实验中合成有机金属配位化合物教学资源的匮乏。通过该实验的实施,可使学生进一步巩固回流、纯化、离心等基本操作技能,掌握摩尔比法测定配合物配位数及稳定常数的原理和方法,同时掌握运用有机波谱技术推断和鉴定分子结构的方法。本实验有利于培养学生综合运用有机化学、无机化学、化学分析及仪器分析等知识解决具体问题的能力,同时有利于学生了解席夫碱及其金属配合物的性质、研究动态等,激发学生对科学研究的热情,培养学生系统的科学思维和研究能力。

ZIF-8衍生的具有可控氧空位的ZnO对光催化去除NO的增强及毒性NO2形成的抑制

氧化锌作为一种半导体材料,具有合适的能带结构位置,高催化效率,低成本和环境可持续性,因而广泛用于光催化领域.然而,由于氧化锌的宽带隙,可见光吸收能力差以及光生电子-空穴对的快速复合,极大地影响了其光催化效率.通过引入氧空位调控光催化剂的结构被证明是一种可以改善光生载流子的分离,从而提高光催化性能的有效方法.本文以ZIF-8为前驱体,采用两步煅烧法合成了具有不同浓度氧空位分布的ZnO纳米光催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、荧光光谱仪(PL)等手段系统地分析了合成的光催化剂的理化性质,并评价了它们在可见光下光催化氧化去除NO反应性能.EPR结果表明,样品中氧空位的浓度取决于温度处理的过程.通过两步煅烧法得到氧化锌中氧空位的含量高于一步直接煅烧法所得的样品.此外,随着煅烧温度升高,合成的氧化锌晶格越完好,其氧空位含量越少.UV-Vis DRS结果表明,两步煅烧法合成的ZnO与商业的ZnO及一步法直接煅烧合成的ZnO相比,其吸光范围从紫外光拓展到了可见光,表现出了更加优异的吸光性能.光催化反应结果表明,与商业氧化锌和一步直接煅烧法所得样品相比,两步煅烧法合成的样品表现出了更优异的光催化去除NO性能,并抑制了中间产物毒性NO2的产生,促进了NO的深度氧化.具体反应路径为:在光照过程中,光生电子很容易被氧空位俘获,与O2反应产生更多的超氧自由基(·O2^-),从而将NO氧化成最终的产物硝酸盐.尤其有趣的是,先在350 ℃煅烧2小时再400℃煅烧1小时的两步法样品Z 350-400的NO去除效率分别比一步法样品Z 400(400℃煅烧)和商用ZnO高出1.5和4.6倍.这表明以MOF材料衍生的具有适当量氧空位的金属氧化物为一种高效去除NO的光催化剂具有很好的应用前景.

High performance CuO-CeO_2 catalysts for selective oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen:Effect of hydrothermal preparation conditions

High performance CuO-CeO2 catalysts for selective oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen were prepared by a hydrothermal method under different preparation conditions and evaluated for catalytic activities and selectivities. By changing the ^nCTAB/^nCe ratio and hydrothermal aging time, the catalytic activity of the CuO-CeO2 catalysts increased and the operating temperature window, in which the CO conversion was higher than 99%, was widened. XRD results showed no peaks of CuOx species and Cu-Ce-O solid solution were observed. On the other hand, Cu＋ species in the CuO-CeO2 catalysts, which was associated with a strong interaction between copper oxide clusters and cerium oxide and could be favorable for improving the selective oxidation performance of CO in excess H2, were detected by H2-TPR and XPS techniques.

Modification of Nano Tourmaline Surface Treatment Agent and Its Performance on Negative Ion Release

In this paper,a kind of wall fabric’s surface treatment agent modified with nonionic surfactant was reported.This surface treatment agent was prepared by using nano tourmaline powder dispersion in water with surfactant as dispersants by sand milling.Under the influence of different dispersants,the negative ions releasing amount of functional wall fabrics,the milling process and the storage stability of nano tourmaline powder dispersion were discussed.The results showed that nano tourmaline powder dispersion achieved the smallest average diameter of 44 nm and had best storage stability that the average diameter maintained below 200 nm in 17 days when the addition amount of dispersant was 20 percent of the tourmaline powders’weight.What is more,the quantity of negative ion releasing achieved 6500 ion/cm3 when addition amount of dispersant was 30 percent.This technique could be used to strengthen productivity of nano tourmaline powder dispersion.

A novel rat tail disc degeneration model induced by static bending and compression

Background:A new rat tail intervertebral disc degeneration model was established to observe the morphologic and biologic changes of static bending and compression applied to the discs.Methods:In total,20 Sprague-Dawley rats with similar weight were randomly di-vided into 4 groups.Group 1 served as a control group for a baseline assessment of normal discs.Group 2 underwent a sham surgery,using an external device to bend the vertebrae of coccygeal 8-10.Groups 3 and 4 were the loaded groups,and exter-nal devices were instrumented to bend the spine with a compression level of 1.8 N and 4.5 N,respectively.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),histological,and quanti-tative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)analysis were performed on all animals on day 14 of the experiment.Results:Magnetic resonance imaging and histological results showed that the changes of intervertebral disc degeneration increased with the size of compression load.Some architecture disorganizations in nucleus pulposus and annulus fibro-sus were found on both of the convex and concave side in the groups of 1.8 N and 4.5 N.An upregulation of MM-3,MM-13,and collagen 1-α1 mRNA expression and a downregulation of collagen 2-α1 and aggrecan mRNA expression were observed in the sham and loading groups.Significant changes were found between the loading groups,whereas the sham group showed similar results to the control group.Conclusions:Static bending and compression could induce progressive disc degen-eration,which could be used for biologic study on disc degeneration promoted by static complex loading.

Sputtered nano-cobalt on H-USY zeolite for selectively converting syngas to gasoline

Selectively converting CO and H2 to gasoline product （isoparaffin and olefin） in one step still remains a great challenge. We demonstrate effective H-USY zeolite supported nano-cobalt bifunctional catalysts for this catalytic reaction, which are prepared by the novel physical sputtering process. Particles of the sputtered cobalt exist in nano-level and are well-dispersed on acid USY zeolite. Easy activation of the loaded nano-cobalt is also achieved in a low-temperature hydrogen reduction atmosphere. In the tandem catalytic reaction, the sputtered bifunctional Co/USY catalyst exhibits a much higher CO conversion and higher isoparaffin selectiv- ity than the conventional impregnated one. Compared with H-Mor, H-Beta and other zeolites supported catalysts, H-USY zeolite supported cobalt catalyst shows the clearest promotional effect on the activity of FischerTropsch synthesis. The described synthesis herein provides a new pathway to solve the problem caused by the strong metal-support interaction （MSI） in heterogeneous catalysis.

BDF Schemes in Stable Generalized Finite Element Methods for Parabolic Interface Problems with Moving Interfaces

There are several difficulties in generalized/extended finite element methods(GFEM/XFEM)for moving interface problems.First,the GFEM/XFEM may be unstable in a sense that condition numbers of system matrices could be much bigger than those of standard FEM.Second,they may not be robust in that the condition numbers increase rapidly as interface curves approach edges of meshes.Furthermore,time stepping schemes need carrying out carefully since both enrichment functions and enriched nodes in the GFEM/XFEM vary in time.This paper is devoted to proposing the stable and robust GFEM/XFEM with efficient time stepping schemes for the parabolic interface problems with moving interfaces.A so-called stable GFEM(SGFEM)developed for elliptical interface problems is extended to the parabolic interface problems for spatial discretizations;while backward difference formulae(BDF)are used for the time stepping.Numerical studies demonstrate that the SGFEM with the first and second order BDF(also known as backward Euler method and BDF2)is stable,robust,and achieves optimal convergence rates.Comparisons of the proposed SGFEM with various commonly-used GFEM/XFEM are made,which show advantages of the SGFEM over the other GFEM/XFEM in aspects of stability,robustness,and convergence.

The Analysis of Multiuser Relaying Mixed RF/FSO Networks over Exponentiated Weibull Fading Channel

In this paper,the performance of multiuser relaying mixed radio frequency(RF)/free space optical(FSO)networks over exponentiated Weibull Fading Channel is studied.Based on the transmit opportunistic scheduling,a unified cumulative distribution function(CDF)of the end-to-end signal to noise ratio(SNR)for multiuser dual-hop relaying system is derived.Then the average symbol error rate(ASER),outage probability and ergodic channel capacity are analyzed in detail.Furthermore,in order to simplify the analysis of system performance,the asymptotic results for the outage probability and ASER are derived at high SNR regime.We also demonstrate Monte Carlo simulation to ensure the effectiveness of the results.The simulation results show that deploying the transmit opportunistic scheme can improve the proposed system performance.And aperture averaging and heterodyne detection technique can suppress the impact of turbulence on FSO networks.

Photocatalytic oxidation of methane to methanol over zinc titanate supported silver catalysts

The direct activation of methane under mild condition to achieve highly selective of oxygenates is a challenging project.In this study,a well dispersed silver supported ZnTiO_(3) catalyst was prepared to achieve selective preparation of methanol from methane and water under mild condition.X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations demonstrate that silver species are uniformly dispersed on ZnTiO_(3) surface in the form of metallic silver nanoparticles.The photoelectric characterizations reveal that the addition of silver species enhances light absorption and promotes charge separation of the catalysts.Under the reaction conditions of 50℃and 3 MPa,the methanol is obtained as the only liquid product over the designed Ag/ZnTiO_(3) catalyst under light irradiation.In this photocatalytic process,the holes generated by ZnTiO_(3) activate water to produce intermediate·OH,which further reacts with methane to synthesize methanol.The silver species as co-catalysts extend the light absorption range of ZnTiO_(3) as well as promote charge separation.

Enhanced thermoelectric performance of 3D-printed Bi2Te3-based materials via adding Te/Se

Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based materials were prepared by direct ink writing(DIW)3D printing and their microstructure and thermoelectric properties were investigated with an emphasis on the effect of the content of DMF and Te/Se addition.As the mass ratio of DMF in the composition increased from 6.5%to 8.0%(in mass),the electrical conductivity deteriorated because of the corresponding increased porosity and organic remains in the samples.However,the volatilization of DMF would reduce the fluidity of the slurry.Thus,thermoelectric slurry with 7.0%DMF is the most suitable mass ratio for 3D printing.Additionally,adding Te in the p-type Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 and adding Se in the n-type Bi2Te2.6Se0.4 have significantly improved their electrical conductivity due to the increased carrier concentration and mobility.Combining with the moderate Seebeck coefficient(~200 mV/K),high power factors with~802 mW·m^(-1)·K^(-2)and 1266 mW·m^(-1)·K^(-2)were obtained for the n-type Bi_(2)Te_(2.6)Se_(0.4)þ10%Se and p-type Bi_(0.4)Sb_(1.6)Te_(3)þ7%Te,respectively,which result in the final relatively high zT values of 0.68 at 573 K and 0.56 at 330 K for ntype and p-type 3D-printed samples.

基于自判别循环生成对抗网络的人脸图像翻译

人脸跨域翻译是将人脸图像从一个图像域映射到另一个图像域的过程,常见的人脸图像翻译任务包括人脸照片–素描、人脸照片–线条画跨域翻译等,可以广泛应用于现实场景,如协助刑侦、电影制作、数字娱乐.但是成对的人脸图像数据有限,且不同域之间的颜色、纹理差异较大,导致人脸图像跨域翻译仍面临着巨大挑战.现有的方法通常会产生模糊、伪影、结构失真等问题,导致较差的视觉效果.为解决这一问题,我们提出了一个自判别循环生成对抗网络,其中,生成器部分采用编码器–解码器结构,生成器对应的判别器为翻译方向相反的编码器,通过自判别的形式,使编码器(即判别器)巧妙地融合了“真/假”语义判别能力与对像素改变的敏感性,从而增强了模型的稳健性和泛化能力.其次,我们提出了一个新颖的全向像素梯度损失函数,设计的卷积核计算了每个像素周围每个方向的梯度来提取图像的梯度信息,通过约束生成图像与对应真实图像的梯度信息保持一致,从而激励模型有效地学习像素间连续变化的模式,并且该损失函数可以灵活地应用于其他生成模型以提升性能.大量的实验表明本文提出的框架能够在公开的成对的人脸照片–素描数据集(CUFS,CUFSF)以及人脸照片–线条画数据集(APDrawing)上取得优异的结果.此外,通过泛化能力验证实验,我们进一步展示了模型在真实场景数据上的强泛化能力,以及自判别循环生成对抗网络结构在非成对人脸数据集上的出色性能.

耦合相变储热的金属氢化物反应器吸氢过程模拟

基于金属氢化物储氢反应,建立了相变材料蓄热的固体储氢反应器模型,模拟研究了吸氢压力等操作参数及相变材料的相变温度、固（液）态导热系数、相变潜热等物性参数对固体储氢反应器工作过程的影响.结果表明,相变材料的固态导热系数和相变潜热对固体储氢反应器性能的影响较小,相变温度和液态导热系数对反应器性能影响较大.相变温度越低,液态导热系数越大,储氢反应器性能越好.在使用最优的相变材料储能时,提高充入氢气的压力可加快反应速率,强化相变材料的传热,有助于进一步优化反应器的储氢性能.

Preparation and visible photocatalytic dye degradation of Mn-TiO2/sepiolite photocatalysts

The performance of Mn-TiO2/sepiolite photocatalysts prepared by the solgel method and calcinated at different temperatures was studied in the photocatalytic degradation of direct fast emerald green dye under visible light irradiation,and a series of analytical techniques such as XRD,SEM,FTIR,TG-DSC,XPS,UV-vis-DRS and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the morphology,structure and optical properties of the photocatalysts.It is found that the anatase TiO2 was formed in all photocatalysts.Mn4+might incorporate into the lattice structure of TiO2 and partially replace Ti4+,thus causing the defects in the crystal structure and the broadening of the spectral response range of TiO2.At the same time,TiO2 particles were dispersed on the surface of the sepiolite,which immobilized TiO2 particles with sepiolite via the bond of Ti-O-Si.Mn-TiO2/sepiolite calcined at 400°C exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity and the degradation rate of direct fast emerald green is up to 98.13%.Meanwhile,it also shows good stability and universality.

从宽恕到宽容:后冲突时代南非社会和解与转型正义之反思——基于开普敦地区的田野调查研究

宽恕和宽容两个概念均来自早期西方的基督教世界。南非在1994年废除种族隔离之后,运用了宗教概念的政治世俗化,充分发挥了"宽恕"这一概念在化解种族冲突,实现民族和解中的作用。然而真正的和解是一个长期的心路历程;在和平转型后的今天,面临民主化建设与社会转型的新南非,如何发掘并运用新的精神价值资源去完成后冲突社会的人心和解,追求社会的转型正义,成为当下人们普遍关注的问题。本文试图在"转型正义"的话语背景下重新探讨"宽恕"与"宽容"两个概念的区别,以及其在实现民族和解与社会转型正义过程中的作用和意义。

Ingenious Design of Co Al-LDH p-n Heterojunction Based on CuI as Holes Receptor for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Reasonable design of heterojunction can greatly improve the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of materials.Herein,p-n heterojunction of 2D/3D structure is constructed by the nanosheet of CoAl-LDH and rock-like CuI.The introduction of CuI can make CoAl-LDH disperse better,which brings more reaction sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction.Meanwhile,the 2D/3D structure is conducive to the construction of p-n heterojunction between the CoAl-LDH and CuI.The optical and electrochemical properties of the material indicate that the separation and transference of photon-generated carriers are promoted by the p-n heterojunction.The activity of composite catalyst(CI-10)reaches a maximum of 3.59 mmol g^(−1) h^(−1) which is 28.5 times higher than that of CuI.Furthermore,the influence of the amount of CuI and pH value on the hydrogen evolution reaction is explored.Based on the band structures of CoAl-LDH and CuI,the mechanism of photocatalytic reaction of CI-10 is proposed.The p-n heterojunction constructed with the CuI as hole receptor provides a new way to enhance the activity of photocatalytic H_(2) evolution.

Rapid, automated, and reliable antimicrobial susceptibility test from positive blood culture by CAST‐R

Antimicrobial susceptibility tests(ASTs)are pivotal in combating multidrug resistant pathogens,yet they can be time‐consuming,labor‐intensive,and unstable.Using the AST of tigecycline for sepsis as the main model,here we establish an automated system of Clinical Antimicrobials Susceptibility Test Ramanometry(CAST‐R),based on D2O‐probed Raman microspectroscopy.Featuring a liquid robot for sample pretreatment and a machine learning‐based control scheme for data acquisition and quality control,the 3‐h,automated CAST‐R process accelerates AST by>10‐fold,processes 96 paralleled antibiotic‐exposure reactions,and produces high‐quality Raman spectra.The Expedited Minimal Inhibitory Concentration via Metabolic Activity is proposed as a quantitative and broadly applicable parameter for metabolism‐based AST,which shows 99%essential agreement and 93%categorical agreement with the broth microdilution method(BMD)when tested on 100 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates.Further tests on 26 clinically positive blood samples for eight antimicrobials,including tigecycline,meropenem,ceftazidime,ampicillin/sulbactam,oxacillin,clindamycin,vancomycin,and levofloxacin reveal 93%categorical agreement with BMD‐based results.The automation,speed,reliability,and general applicability of CAST‐R suggest its potential utility for guiding the clinical administration of antimicrobials.