Skin 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme expression regulates burn wound healing and can be targeted to modify scar characteristics

Background:Excessive scarring and fibrosis are the most severe and common complications of burn injury.Prolonged exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids detrimentally impacts on skin,leading to skin thinning and impaired wound healing.Skin can generate active glucocorticoids locally through expression and activity of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme(11β-HSD1).We hypothesised that burn injury would induce 11β-HSD1 expression and local glucocorticoid metabolism,which would have important impacts on wound healing,fibrosis and scarring.We additionally proposed that pharmacological manipulation of this system could improve aspects of post-burn scarring.Methods:Skin 11β-HSD1 expression in burns patients and mice was examined.The impacts of 11β-HSD1 mediating glucocorticoid metabolism on burn wound healing,scar formation and scar elas-ticity and quality were additionally examined using a murine 11β-HSD1 genetic knockout model.Slow-release scaffolds containing therapeutic agents,including active and inactive glucocorticoids,were developed and pre-clinically tested in mice with burn injury.Results:We demonstrate that 11β-HSD1 expression levels increased substantially in both human and mouse skin after burn injury.11β-HSD1 knockout mice experienced faster wound healing than wild type mice but the healed wounds manifested significantly more collagen deposition,tensile strength and stiffness,features characteristic of excessive scarring.Application of slow-release prednisone,an inactive glucocorticoid,slowed the initial rate of wound closure but significantly reduced post-burn scarring via reductions in inflammation,myofibroblast generation,collagen production and scar stiffness.Conclusions:Skin 11β-HSD1 expression is a key regulator of wound healing and scarring after burn injury.Application of an inactive glucocorticoid capable of activation by local 11β-HSD1 in skin slows the initial rate of wound closure but significantlyimproves scar characteristics post burn injury.

Challenges and innovations in treating chronic and acute wound infections:from basic science to clinical practice

Acute and chronic wound infection has become a major worldwide healthcare burden leading to significantly high morbidity and mortality.The underlying mechanism of infections has been widely investigated by scientist,while standard wound management is routinely been used in general practice.However,strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of wound infections remain a great challenge due to the occurrence of biofilm colonization,delayed healing and drug resistance.In the present review,we summarize the common microorganisms found in acute and chronic wound infections and discuss the challenges from the aspects of clinical diagnosis,non-surgical methods and surgical methods.Moreover,we highlight emerging innovations in the development of antimicrobial peptides,phages,controlled drug delivery,wound dressing materials and herbal medicine,and find that sensitive diagnostics,combined treatment and skin microbiome regulation could be future directions in the treatment of wound infection.

Low-protein diet accelerates wound healing in mice post-acute injury

Background:Wound healing processes are influenced by macronutrient intake(protein,carbohydrate and fat).The most favourable diet for cutaneous wound healing is not known,although highprotein diets are currently favoured clinically.This experimental study investigates the optimal macronutrient balance for cutaneous wound healing using a mouse model and the Geometric Framework,a nutrient modelling method,capable of analyzing the individual and interactive effects of a wide spectrum of macronutrient intake.Methods:Two adjacent and identical full-thickness skin excisions(1 cm^(2))were surgically created on the dorsal area of male C57BL/6 mice.Mice were then allocated to one of 12 high-energy diets that varied in protein,carbohydrate and fat content.In select diets,wound healing processes,cytokine expression,energy expenditure,body composition,muscle and fat reserves were assessed.Results:Using the Geometric Framework,we show that a low-protein intake,coupled with a balanced intake of carbohydrate and fat is optimal for wound healing.Mice fed a low-protein diet progressed quickly through wound healing stages with favourable wound inflammatory cytokine expression and significantly accelerated collagen production.These local processes were associated with an increased early systemic inflammatory response and a higher overall energy expenditure,related to metabolic changes occurring in key macronutrient reserves in lean body mass and fat depots.Conclusions:The results suggest that a low-protein diet may have a greater potential to accelerate wound healing than the current clinically used high-protein diets.

The contradictory role of androgens in cutaneous and major burn wound healing

Wound healing is a complex process involving four overlapping phases:haemostasis,inflammation,cell recruitment and matrix remodeling.In mouse models,surgical,pharmacological and genetic approaches targeting androgen actions in skin have shown that androgens increase interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αproduction and reduce wound re-epithelization and matrix deposition,retarding cutaneous wound healing.Similarly,clinical studies have shown that cutaneous wound healing is slower in men compared to women.However,in major burn injury,which triggers not only local wound-healing processes but also systemic hypermetabolism,the role of androgens is poorly understood.Recent studies have claimed that a synthetic androgen,oxandrolone,increases protein synthesis,improves lean body mass and shortens length of hospital stay.However,the possible mechanisms by which oxandrolone regulates major burn injury have not been reported.In this review,we summarize the current findings on the roles of androgens in cutaneous and major burn wound healing,as well as androgens as a potential therapeutic treatment option for patients with major burn injuries.