The Philippines was in the 1960s a model of development in Asia and second to Japan,but occupies presently only the 11th position under South-East and East Asian countries in terms of GDP-per capita.The article explor...The Philippines was in the 1960s a model of development in Asia and second to Japan,but occupies presently only the 11th position under South-East and East Asian countries in terms of GDP-per capita.The article explores why this important Asian country with a long colonial past and enormous economic potential still ranks under lower-income countries and has in the last decades let pass by many other Asian countries.In answering this question,the approach of external triggers for accelerated development is being applied.In stark contrast to the success stories of the strongly outward-looking Asian countries like the four Tigers,later of Thailand and Vietnam the Philippines never developed a vision of an open economy connecting pro-actively to the world markets.Trade is hampered by a non-competitive and highly protected national economy.The existing FDI is more oriented to the profitable local markets.Foreign debts were never effectively used and international tourism was never well promoted.Linking these failures to the existing power structures in the country,it seems very much that the backward forces like the big landowners,the local producers and industrialists never wanted and continue not to want to open up the economy to international competition and governments are complacent with these groups.Various indicators demonstrate the long-term decline of the Philippines:Among them the slow growth of the GDP and the continuously high poverty rates.As the alliance of big business and policy holds firm no change in the failing nationalistic economic model can be detected leaving the bleak outlook that the economic decline will continue.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the molluscicidal activity of chlorophyll extract as a photodynamic substance against the snails Lymnaea stagnalis,Biomphalaria spp.and Physa marmorata.Methods:Chlorophyllin was extracted from de...Objective:To evaluate the molluscicidal activity of chlorophyll extract as a photodynamic substance against the snails Lymnaea stagnalis,Biomphalaria spp.and Physa marmorata.Methods:Chlorophyllin was extracted from deep-frozen spinach.Snails were incubated in chlorophyllin containing water with 2.5,5.0,10.0 and 15.0μg/mL.All samples were kept in darkness overnight for incubation.After incubation,three samples were irradiated with simulated solar radiation for 3 h.After irradiation,the vitality of the organisms was determined.Results:The photodynamically active chlorophyllin,at low concentrations,was able to kill snails within a few hours under exposure of solar radiation.Besides,it had a killing effect by about 70%and 100%on the snails’eggs and the newly hatched snails,respectively,after 3 h exposure to solar radiation.Conclusion:The derivates of chlorophyll was a very interesting substance for photodynamic freshwater snail control.Hence,it might be a promising and cheap new strategy which probably had the potential to replace the synthetic molluscicides for snail control.展开更多
文摘The Philippines was in the 1960s a model of development in Asia and second to Japan,but occupies presently only the 11th position under South-East and East Asian countries in terms of GDP-per capita.The article explores why this important Asian country with a long colonial past and enormous economic potential still ranks under lower-income countries and has in the last decades let pass by many other Asian countries.In answering this question,the approach of external triggers for accelerated development is being applied.In stark contrast to the success stories of the strongly outward-looking Asian countries like the four Tigers,later of Thailand and Vietnam the Philippines never developed a vision of an open economy connecting pro-actively to the world markets.Trade is hampered by a non-competitive and highly protected national economy.The existing FDI is more oriented to the profitable local markets.Foreign debts were never effectively used and international tourism was never well promoted.Linking these failures to the existing power structures in the country,it seems very much that the backward forces like the big landowners,the local producers and industrialists never wanted and continue not to want to open up the economy to international competition and governments are complacent with these groups.Various indicators demonstrate the long-term decline of the Philippines:Among them the slow growth of the GDP and the continuously high poverty rates.As the alliance of big business and policy holds firm no change in the failing nationalistic economic model can be detected leaving the bleak outlook that the economic decline will continue.
基金supported by National Research Center,Egypt(Grant No.S-91203).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the molluscicidal activity of chlorophyll extract as a photodynamic substance against the snails Lymnaea stagnalis,Biomphalaria spp.and Physa marmorata.Methods:Chlorophyllin was extracted from deep-frozen spinach.Snails were incubated in chlorophyllin containing water with 2.5,5.0,10.0 and 15.0μg/mL.All samples were kept in darkness overnight for incubation.After incubation,three samples were irradiated with simulated solar radiation for 3 h.After irradiation,the vitality of the organisms was determined.Results:The photodynamically active chlorophyllin,at low concentrations,was able to kill snails within a few hours under exposure of solar radiation.Besides,it had a killing effect by about 70%and 100%on the snails’eggs and the newly hatched snails,respectively,after 3 h exposure to solar radiation.Conclusion:The derivates of chlorophyll was a very interesting substance for photodynamic freshwater snail control.Hence,it might be a promising and cheap new strategy which probably had the potential to replace the synthetic molluscicides for snail control.
