AIM To examine the fetal and neonatal esophagogastric junction region (EGJ) histologically for the presence of an equivalent to adult cardiac mucosa (CM); to study the expression patterns of all cytokeratins (CK) rele...AIM To examine the fetal and neonatal esophagogastric junction region (EGJ) histologically for the presence of an equivalent to adult cardiac mucosa (CM); to study the expression patterns of all cytokeratins (CK) relevant to the EGJ during gestation; to compare the CK profile of the gestational and the adult EGJ; and to determine the degree of development in the adult EGJ histology and CK profile during gestation. METHODS: Forty-eight fetal autopsy specimens of the EGJ were step-sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to select sections showing the mucosal lining. Immunohistochemistry for CK5, 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, and 20 was performed. Antibody staining was then graded for location, intensity, and degree. RESULTS: The distal esophagus was lined by simple columnar epithelium from 12-wk gestational age (GA). The proximal part of this segment consisted of mucusproducing epithelium, devoid of parietal cells. CK5 and 13 were present exclusively in multilayered epithelia and CK8, 18, and 19 predominantly in simple columnar epithelium. There were no differences in the frequencies of the coordinate CK7+/20+ and the CK7-/20-immunophenotypes between different locations. The prevalence of the CK7+/20-immunophenotype decreased, and that of the CK7-/ 20+ immunophenotype increased significantly from the distal esophagus to the distal stomach. CONCLUSION: Fetal columnar-lined lower esophagus (fetal CLE) may be the equivalent and precursor of the short segments of columnar epithelium found in the distal esophagus of some normal adult subjects. Esophageal simple columnar epithelium without parietal cells (ESN) may be the precursor of adult CM. The similarities between the fetal and adult EGJ and stomach CK expression patterns support the conclusion that adult CM has an identifiable precursor in the fetus. This would then indicate that at least a part of the adult CM has a congenital origin.展开更多
Background:During the last years,human newborns have been overexposed to biologically reactive aluminum,with possible relevant consequences on their future health and on their susceptibility to a variety of diseases.C...Background:During the last years,human newborns have been overexposed to biologically reactive aluminum,with possible relevant consequences on their future health and on their susceptibility to a variety of diseases.Children,newborns and particularly preterm neonates are at an increased risk of aluminum toxicity because of their relative immaturity.Data sources:Based on recent original publications and classical data of the literatures,we reviewed the aluminum content in mother's food during the intrauterine life as well as in breast milk and infant formula during lactation.We also determined the possible role of aluminum in parenteral nutrition solutions,in adjuvants of vaccines and in pharmaceutical products.A special focus is placed on the relationship between aluminum overexposure and the insurgence of bone diseases.Results:Practical points of management and prevention are suggested.Aluminum sources that infants may receive during the fi rst 6 months of life are presented.In the context of prevention of possible adverse effects of aluminum overload in fetal tissues during development,simple suggestions to pregnant women are described.Finally,practical points of management and prevention are suggested.Conclusions:Pediatricians and neonatologists must be more concerned about aluminum content in all products our newborns are exposed to,starting from monitoring aluminum concentrations in milk-and soybased formulas in which,on the basis of recent studies,there is still too much aluminum.展开更多
文摘AIM To examine the fetal and neonatal esophagogastric junction region (EGJ) histologically for the presence of an equivalent to adult cardiac mucosa (CM); to study the expression patterns of all cytokeratins (CK) relevant to the EGJ during gestation; to compare the CK profile of the gestational and the adult EGJ; and to determine the degree of development in the adult EGJ histology and CK profile during gestation. METHODS: Forty-eight fetal autopsy specimens of the EGJ were step-sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to select sections showing the mucosal lining. Immunohistochemistry for CK5, 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, and 20 was performed. Antibody staining was then graded for location, intensity, and degree. RESULTS: The distal esophagus was lined by simple columnar epithelium from 12-wk gestational age (GA). The proximal part of this segment consisted of mucusproducing epithelium, devoid of parietal cells. CK5 and 13 were present exclusively in multilayered epithelia and CK8, 18, and 19 predominantly in simple columnar epithelium. There were no differences in the frequencies of the coordinate CK7+/20+ and the CK7-/20-immunophenotypes between different locations. The prevalence of the CK7+/20-immunophenotype decreased, and that of the CK7-/ 20+ immunophenotype increased significantly from the distal esophagus to the distal stomach. CONCLUSION: Fetal columnar-lined lower esophagus (fetal CLE) may be the equivalent and precursor of the short segments of columnar epithelium found in the distal esophagus of some normal adult subjects. Esophageal simple columnar epithelium without parietal cells (ESN) may be the precursor of adult CM. The similarities between the fetal and adult EGJ and stomach CK expression patterns support the conclusion that adult CM has an identifiable precursor in the fetus. This would then indicate that at least a part of the adult CM has a congenital origin.
文摘Background:During the last years,human newborns have been overexposed to biologically reactive aluminum,with possible relevant consequences on their future health and on their susceptibility to a variety of diseases.Children,newborns and particularly preterm neonates are at an increased risk of aluminum toxicity because of their relative immaturity.Data sources:Based on recent original publications and classical data of the literatures,we reviewed the aluminum content in mother's food during the intrauterine life as well as in breast milk and infant formula during lactation.We also determined the possible role of aluminum in parenteral nutrition solutions,in adjuvants of vaccines and in pharmaceutical products.A special focus is placed on the relationship between aluminum overexposure and the insurgence of bone diseases.Results:Practical points of management and prevention are suggested.Aluminum sources that infants may receive during the fi rst 6 months of life are presented.In the context of prevention of possible adverse effects of aluminum overload in fetal tissues during development,simple suggestions to pregnant women are described.Finally,practical points of management and prevention are suggested.Conclusions:Pediatricians and neonatologists must be more concerned about aluminum content in all products our newborns are exposed to,starting from monitoring aluminum concentrations in milk-and soybased formulas in which,on the basis of recent studies,there is still too much aluminum.
