Mapping the Late-Holocene Glacial Geomorphology and Glacier Surface Types in the Mt. Harajoriha, Central Tian Shan

Alpine glaciers in the central Tian Shan are an important indicator of climate change and also the freshwater tower for the transboundary countries in Central Asia. Knowledge about the glacier dynamics in the late Holocene, such as the Little Ice Age, and surface zones is still limited. In this study, two headwater basins, the Xiata and the Muzart basins, in the Harajoriha Mountain Range in northwestern China were selected to investigate the glacial landforms and glacier surface types using a combination of geomorphological mapping and remote sensing analysis. Several types of glacial landforms including glacial valleys, moraine complexes, moraine ridges, and trimlines were identified and manually digitized based on the 30 m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model, 10 m Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, and high-resolution images from Google Earth. In addition, an effective automated mapping algorithm was applied to the modern glaciers from a Landsat 8 scene using its optical and thermal bands to classify glacier facies, i.e. ice, snow, and slush zone, and supraglacial debris cover. Field trip to the forelands of the Aerqialeteer Glacier in the Xiata basin allowed detailed mapping of the proglacial environment and provided field checks for the mapping with GPS tracks and panoramic photos. Through this fused approach, the mapping results showed a combination of different sets of information connecting the glacier retreat since the late Holocene to contemporary glacier properties. They will be of particular value for future chronological reconstruction of past glacial events and for understanding how surface characteristics play a role in the heterogeneity of glacier responses to climate change.

绿色农业产业创新实践的持续之道——“外部环境-基层策略”视角下的案例研究

以往政策创新的研究大多聚焦于政策发明阶段,多元主体的互动关系以及利益结构如何影响政策执行及可持续发展的问题尚缺乏深入探讨。论文基于“外部环境-基层策略”的分析框架,探讨了一个创新的绿色农业产业项目从理念到实践并得以持续发展的两种机制:产业引领机制和压力应对机制,分析了地方政府如何运用多元策略建构起有利于绿色农业发展的外部环境条件。作为能动者的地方政府积极从宏观制度中选择有利于产业发展的要素,通过体制保障、产业政策、项目包装、品牌打造等一系列引领机制,形塑了产业发展的外部环境。进入产业创新后期,随着外部环境的动态演进,地方政府随之进行适应性调整以化解新兴产业领域的不确定性与多元风险,促使产业发展始终朝着政策预期目标演进,由此建构的压力应对机制是绿色农业产业得以持续落地的关键。

Association between Adiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults from Major Cities of China

Objective To investigate the association between adiponectin and metabolic syndrome （MetS） and related diseases in older adults from major cities of China. Methods A total of 2 049 adults at the age of 60-96 years from18 major cities of China were enrolled in the study. Plasma adiponectin and insulin concentrations were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）. The definitions proposed by International Diabetes Federation （IDF） and American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood/nstitute （AHA/NLHBI） were used to identify MetS. Results The adiponectin concentration increased with the advance of age and was higher in women than in men. The sex specific adiponectin concentration was inversely correlated with body mass index （BMI）, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose and fasting blood insulin, and positively correlated with HDL-C （P〈0.001）. The adiponectin concentration decreased with increasing MetS components. Compared with the 4th sex-specific adiponectin quartile, the odds ratio （OR） for prevalent MetS-IDF and MetS-AHA/NLHBI in subjects of the 1st quartile group was 3.25 （95% CI： 2.24, 4.71） and 3.21 （95% CI： 2.26, 4.55）, respectively. The association was independent of age, sex, life-style factors, medication, family history of chronic diseases, BMI, and HOMA-IR, The OR for MetS was much higher than those of MetS components and its related diseases. Conclusion Adiponectin is strongly associated with MetS independent of insulin resistance and obesity in older adults from major cities in China. The adiponectin concentration is a useful predictor for the risk of MetS.

Relationship between promoter methylation and mRNA expression of PTEN gene and gastric carcinoma

Objective:To probe into the relationships between PTEN gene expression,the promoter methylation and gastric cancer and its clinical pathological specific features.Methods:We analyzed the PTEN gene promoter methylation and mRNA expression status in gastric cancer tissues and its adjacent normal tissues by methylation specific PCR(MSP) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) techniques.Results:PTEN promoters in 48.2%(27/56) gastric cancer tissues and 3.6(2/56) adjacent normal tissues were methylated and the PTEN promoter methylation rate in carcinoma tissues was obviously higher(P < 0.05).Of the 2 cases where the adjacent gastric tissues were methylated,the gastric cancer tissues were both methylated.Of the 29 gastric cancers with lymph node metastasis,19 had their PTEN gene promoters methylated and the PTEN gene promoter methylation in cases with lymph node metastasis was obviously higher than that without lymph node metastasis(P < 0.05).RT-PCR result showed that no expression of PTEN mRNA existed in any of the methylated gastric cancer tissues.Conclusion:The expression loss of PTEN gene mRNA in gastric cancers is related to their promoter methylation and might be one of the reasons for the generation,development and metastasis of gastric cancers.

Reducing dielectric confinement effect in ionic covalent organic nanosheets to promote the visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution

Ultra-thin two-dimensional(2D)organic semiconductors are promising candidates for photocatalysts because of the short charge diffusion pathway and favorable exposure of active sites plus the versatile architecture.Nonetheless,the inherent dielectric confinement of 2D materials will induce a strong exciton effect hampering the charge separation.Herein,we demonstrated an effective way to reduce the dielectric confinement effect of 2D ionic covalent organic nanosheets(iCONs)by tailoring the functional group via molecular engineering.Three ultra-thin CONs with different functional groups and the same ionic moieties were synthesized through Schiff base condensation between ionic amino monomer triaminoguanidinium chloride(TG)and aldehyde linkers.The integration of the hydroxyl group was found to significantly increase the dielectric constant by enhancing the polarizability of ionic moieties,and thus reduced the dielectric confinement and the corresponding exciton binding energy(E_(b)).The champion hydroxyl-functional iCON exhibited promoted exciton dissociation and in turn a high photocatalytic hydrogen production rate under visible-light irradiation.This work provided insights into the rationalization of the dielectric confinement effect of low-dimensional photocatalysts.

Discrimination of 11 Chinese Materia Medica from <i>Umbelliferae</i>by Electronic Nose

In this paper, electronic nose (E-nose) was used to discriminate the 11 Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) from Umbelliferae by the difference of their odors. The E-nose generated data were analyzed by discriminant function analysis (DFA) and the responses of 18 sensors of E-nose were evaluated by CA analysis. Results showed that a rapid evaluation of complex response of the samples could be obtained, in combination with DFA, SQC and the CA analysis of the E-nose was given better results in the recognition values of the odor of the 11 CMM. All the 11 CMM could be distinguished by E-nose coupled with DFA, sensor 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13 and 15 were found to be able to better discriminate between the CMM samples. The CMM from Umbelliferae produced from different areas and processed with different methods could be distinguished by the E-nose, too. The results of the similarity of fingerprints of the E-nose are fitted with the TCM records about the property (yaoxing), channel tropism (guijing), function and usage of the CMM. The E-nose is a technology that can reflect the holistic odor of a CMM and is relevant to the TCM doctor’s practical identification. The odor of CMM can be expressed by objective data instead of subjective sense by human nose. Based on the sensor`s intensity of E-nose, the fingerprint of a CMM can be established, too. Although the E-nose has so many advantages, only use E-nose technology is not enough to control the quality of a CMM. It must be combined with the other macroscopic discriminating technology, such as the E-tongue, the E-eye, to have a holistic evaluation of a CMM.

Progress of high-flux hemodialysis in clinical application, complications and treatment

Hemodialysis is the main method of clinical renal replacement therapy, and its effectiveness and safety have been widely confirmed. High-flux hemodialysis, as a constantly updating new mode in the field of blood purification, has effectively improved the efficiency of hemodialysis and reduced the incidence of hemodialysis complications. High-flux hemodialysis has been widely used in clinical practice, and mainly plays its role through adsorption, convection and dispersion. High-flux hemodialysis has some advantages not possessed by conventional hemodialysis, including protecting injured renal function, reducing the incidence of cardiovascular complications in hemodialysis patients, improving the patients' nutritional status, reducing the occurrence of renal osteopathy and delaying the occurrence time of dialysis-associated amyloidosis. However, high-flux hemodialysis also has some limitations, such as the elimination of drugs and nutrients, and the backfiltration caused by increased pressure on the dialysis membrane and dialysate side. In this review, the related progress of high-flux hemodialysis in clinical application, mechanism, complications and treatment are discussed in order to provide a reference for its more rational clinical use.

Marker gene excision in transgenic Brassica napus via Agrobacterium-mediated Cre/lox transient expression system

Oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)is one of the most important oil crops in the world.However,study on marker-free transgene of B.napus for bio-safety purpose is limited in this allotetraploid crop.In order to advance marker gene excision research,a newly designed Cre/lox system combining crossing and auto-excision strategy was introduced into B.napus.The system consists of 2 sets of independent vectors including pC35 Spro::T7 RP carrying T7 RNA polymerase and pCT7 pro::Cre carrying T7 promoter respectively.After hybridization of 2 according types of transgenic B.napus,marker gene would be removed as T7 RNA polymerase facilitate T7 promoter to promote Cre gene expression.Totally 52 and 46 positive To transgenic lines of these 2 vectors were obtained after identification by PCR and test trip.T1 plants from 3 T0 positive pC35 Spro::T7 RP lines and 2 T0 positive pC35 Spro::T7 RP lines were identified as single copy according to segregation ratio and were chosen for crossing.However,expression of CP4 EPSPS(glyphosate resistance gene)and OXY(bromoxynil resistance gene)were not found in F1 progeny,which proved that the excision was not complete.The possible reasons for our limited success were investigated and detailed analyses were performed.Although this system is not applicable for generating transgenic B.napus free from selectable marker gene,it provided valuable experience and clue for further improvement of this technique.Many other advantages and further improvement will be progressed in future work.

NMR-based metabolomics pro!le analysis in understanding metabolic variations of Bra LTP1-overexpressing Brassica napus

BraLTP1 is an important member of lipid transfer protein family in Brassica napus.The aim of current study was to detect, classify and follow variations in metabolite profiling of B. napus with overexpression of BraLTP1. In this study, metabolic change in leaves of BraLTP1-overexpressing B. napus plants (BraLTP1-22) and negative control (BraLTP1-22N) was investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Statistical strategy of principle component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify related difference metabolites. PCA score plots indicated not only high reproducibility of various treatments, but also significant difference of metabolite levels between different treatments. PCA loading plots indicated main responsible metabolites and a total of 50 metabolites were quantitatively determined. A wide range of metabolites were detected due to BraLTP1 overexpression,including biosynthesis and metabolism of sugars, amino acids, ammoniums compounds and organic acids. Furthermore, concentrations of 17 amino acids were determined for other set of samples by amino acids component analysis assay. The link between metabolite variations and phenotype were also discussed in BraLTP1-overexpressing B. napus.This work will help to gain insight into BraLTP1 function in B. napus in metabolism.

Effects of non-procedural factors in Brassica napus genetic transformation

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is the second largest oil crop in the world. However, transformation efficiency of rapeseed still needs to be improved. To evaluate non-procedural factors (e.g. explants, section of explant, marker genes and number of exogenous genes) effects on transformation efficiency, 6-day-old hypocotyl explants from in vitro grown seedlings were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium strain GV3101 harboring a binary vector using optimized transformation procedure. Results showed that normal maturing variety ‘Zhongshuang 6 (ZS6)’ had the highest overall capacity to produce rooted shoots among 5 common varieties and 6 early maturing varieties, with green callus induction rate 81.45% and shoot regeneration rate 21.66%. Early maturing variety 14M645 has relatively high regeneration rate (4.69%) and one of the shortest growth periods (107.54 d). Data showed that choosing neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (NPTII) as selectable marker led to the best transformation rate (17.38%). Selecting upper hypocotyl segments near cotyledon as explant provided the higest transformation efficiency, with regeneration rate of 25.59% when using NPTII as selectable marker and 22.19% for Bar. B. napus transformed with single gene showed higher transformation frequency than vectors with multiple genes,highlighting difficulty of multiple gene transformation. This work helped to further improve genetic transformation of B. napus by optimizing factors that impact transformation efficiency,and it would ultimately improve research in transgenic B. napus varieties with commercial potential.

LC-MS based secondary metabolic profile of BraLTP2 overexpressing Brassica napus

BraLTP2 is an important member of lipid transfer protein family, and its molecular biology function in Brassica napus （B. napus） had been explored by prerious study. How-ever, affection of BraLTP2 on secondary metabolites is still not clear. In this study, we inves-tigated difference of leaf secondary metabolite profling between BraLTP2 overexpressing B. napus and wild type. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS） was utilized. Wide range of secondary metabolites was found in BraLTP2 overexpressing plants. A total of 100 secondary metabolites were determined, 42 of which had signifcant differ-ences, including favonoids, phenylpropanoids and phenolamides. These results were in accordance with signifcant increasing trichomes of overexpressing BraLTP2 plants, which might produce and store secondary metabolites. Partial least squares discriminant anal-ysis （PLS-DA） was performed to identify difference of secondary metabolites. PLS-DA score plots showed high reproducibility of each treatment. Signifcant changes were found between transformed and wild type. Permutation test validates the reliability rigorously. Fur-thermore, overexpressing of BraLTP2 led to seed germination improvement during the frst 48 h under oxidation stress. Increased oxidation resistance of transgenic B. napus was in accordance with the signifcant variations of phenylpropanoids, phenylpropanoids and phe-nolamides.This work was supported by Central Public-interest Scientifc Institution Basal Research Fund, Major Research Project of CAAS Science and National Genetically Modifed Organisms Breeding Major Projects China （2018ZX0801023B）.

Purification and Molecular Identification of an Antifungal Peptide from the Hemolymph of Musca domestica （housefly）

Antibacterial and antifungal peptides found in houseflies （Musca domestica） in large number are indispensable components of its immune defense mechanism. In this study the anterior tip of the larvae of housefly was cut off with a pair of fine scissors and hemolymph was collected and exuded in an ice-cold test tube. From the hemolymph an antifungal substance was isolated by solid-phase extraction combined with reverse phase-high performance liquid chromotography （RP-HPLC） and named as Musca domestica antifungal peptide-1 （MAF-1）. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） showed its molecular weight was 17 kDa. UV absorption spectra revealed that this antifungal substance possessed the characteristics of protein peptides. Analysis by fingerprint-identification and tandem mass spectrometry suggested MAF-I was an unknown protein. Edman degradation identified the sequence of 30 amino acids of its N-terminal which matched no peptide in the MASCOT search database, indicating MAF-1 was a novel insect antifungal peptide. Mass spectrometry showed the precise molecular weight of MAF-1 was 17203.384 Da. Its isoelectric point was acidic.

Key progresses of MOE key laboratory of macromolecular synthesis and functionalization in 2021

In 2021,The MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had achieved several important results.First,a series of versatile organoboron catalysts were synthesized for ring-opening(co)polymerizations.Second,a catalyst-free polycondensation mechanism was proposed for the production of polyesters with high molecular weights.Third,a co-assembly method that can fabricate films and coatings with controllable structures and properties on various substrates was demonstrated,providing a platform for the construction of novel surface coatings.Forth,facile methods for producing high-productivity poly(propylene carbonate)and semicrystalline polyester have been discovered.And linear non-conjugated polyesters exhibiting yellow-green clusteroluminescence were developed for the first time.Fifth,a supramolecular prodrug nano-assembly strategy has been developed for reactive nitrogen species potentiated chemotherapy.Sixth,a series of tough and stiff supramolecular hydrogels with shape memory properties have been used for information encryption.Seventh,reversible fusion and fission of wet-spun graphene oxide fibers has been successfully achieved.Eighth,three non-conjugated polypeptides were synthesized and the mechanism of clusteroluminescence was studied.Ninth,a series of conducting covalent organic frameworks with high electrical conductivity and carrier mobility have been used as high-performance chemiresistor,electrocatalyst,and organic field-effect transistor.Tenth,the exploration of non-fused electron acceptors,and their photostable mechanism are exemplified for developing high-performance,low-cost and eco-friendly polymer solar cells.Finally,gel-grown long-range ordering bulk-heterojunctions has achieved improved X-ray detector performance.

Catheterization via direct cannulation of superior vena cava for a hemodialysis patient with an original dysfunctional catheter on the left internal jugular vein

Establishing a long-term vascular access in patients exhibiting vascular access exhaustion is challenging. In this study, we reported a case of a direct catheterization in the superior vena cava of a hemodialysis patient with vascular access exhaustion and original dysfunctional catheter inserted via the left internal jugular vein. The direct catheterization was performed with cuffed tunnel catheter （CUFF） and guided by digital subtraction angiography （DSA） and multidetector computedtomography venography （MDCTV）. The DSA and MDCTV results revealed an occlusion in the right innominate vein and thromboses in the left innominate, right internal jugular, subclavian, and femoral veins. The distal end of the superior vena cava was localized clearly by the original CUFF under DSA. Directed at the distal end of the superior vena cava, a 0.5-cm secondary puncture was introduced below the lateral head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle via the right neck area. This study is one of the few reports regarding direct catheterization of CUFF via the superior vena cava of a patient with vascular access exhaustion and CUFF dysfunction on the left internal jugular vein. We believe that our study can provide a new alternative for inserting central venous catheter for such patient.

Trends of foodborne diseases in China： lessons from laboratory- based surveillance since 2011

Abstract Foodborne disease is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. China faces various and unprecedented challenges in all aspects of the food chain. Data from laboratory-based foodborne disease surveillance systems from 2013 to 2016, as well as different regions and ages, can be found along with differences in the patterns of pathogens detected with diverse characteristics. Vibrioparahaemolyticus has been the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in China, especially among adults in coastal regions. Salmonella has been a serious and widely distributed pathogen responsible for substantial socioeconomic burden. Shigella was mostly identified in Northwest China and the inland province （Henan） with less-developed regions among children under 5 years. Data from foodborne disease outbreak reporting system from 2011 to 2016 showed that poisonous animals and plant factors responsible for most deaths were poisonous mushrooms （54.7%） in remote districts in southwest regions. The biological hazard that caused most cases reported （42.3%） was attributed to V. parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the recent monitoring approach to foodborne diseases in China and compare the results with those in developed countries.

Roles of short-chain fatty acids in kidney diseases

Objective: In kidney diseases, uncontrolled blood pressure, inflammation, oxidative stress, imbalanced immunity response, metabolic dysfunction were associated with the progressive deterioration of renal function. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as a group of metabolites fermented by gut microbiota exerted regulatory effects on kidney diseases through their activation of transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors and their inhibition of histone acetylation. In this review article, we updated recent research advances that provided an opportunity to explore our understanding in physiology and function of SCFAs in kidney disease. Data sources: We performed a comprehensive search in both PubMed and Embase using short-chain fatty acids55 and "kidney" with no restrictions on publication date. Study selection: After reading through the title and abstract for early screening, the full text of relevant studies was identified and reviewed to summarize the roles of SCFAs in kidney diseases. Results: Though controversial, growing evidence suggested SCFAs appeared to have a complex but yet poorly understood communications with cellular and molecular processes that affected kidney function and responses to injury. From recent studies, SCFAs influenced multiple aspects of renal physiology including inflammation and immunity, fibrosis, blood pressure, and energy metabolism. Conclusions: The roles of intestinal SCFAs in kidney diseases were exciting regions in recent years;however, clinical trials and animal experiments in kidney diseases were still lacked. Thus, more research would be needed to obtain better understanding of SCFAs' potential effects in kidney diseases.

Kidney fibrosis:from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 10–14% of global population. Kidney fibrosis, characterized by excessiveextracellular matrix deposition leading to scarring, is a hallmark manifestation in different progressive CKD;However, at present noantifibrotic therapies against CKD exist. Kidney fibrosis is identified by tubule atrophy, interstitial chronic inflammation andfibrogenesis, glomerulosclerosis, and vascular rarefaction. Fibrotic niche, where organ fibrosis initiates, is a complex interplaybetween injured parenchyma (like tubular cells) and multiple non-parenchymal cell lineages (immune and mesenchymal cells)located spatially within scarring areas. Although the mechanisms of kidney fibrosis are complicated due to the kinds of cellsinvolved, with the help of single-cell technology, many key questions have been explored, such as what kind of renal tubules areprofibrotic, where myofibroblasts originate, which immune cells are involved, and how cells communicate with each other. Inaddition, genetics and epigenetics are deeper mechanisms that regulate kidney fibrosis. And the reversible nature of epigeneticchanges including DNA methylation, RNA interference, and chromatin remodeling, gives an opportunity to stop or reverse kidneyfibrosis by therapeutic strategies. More marketed (e.g., RAS blockage, SGLT2 inhibitors) have been developed to delay CKDprogression in recent years. Furthermore, a better understanding of renal fibrosis is also favored to discover biomarkers of fibroticinjury. In the review, we update recent advances in the mechanism of renal fibrosis and summarize novel biomarkers andantifibrotic treatment for CKD.

Resolvin D1 Protects Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Kidney Injury by Down-regulating Nuclear Factor-kappa B Signal and Inhibiting Apoptosis

Background： Resolvin D1 （RvD1） is a newly found anti-inflammatory bioactive compound derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. The current study aimed to explore the protective effect of RvD1 on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced acute kidney injury （AKI） and its possible mechanism. Methods： Both in vivo and in vitro studies were conducted. Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group （saline）, LPS group （LPS 5 mg/kg）, RvD1 group （RvD1 5 μg/kg ＋ LPS 5 mg/kg）, and blockage group （Boc-MLP 5 gg/kg ＋ RvD1 5 gg/kg ＋ LPS 5 mg/kg）. Boc-MLP is a RvD 1 receptor blocker. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with these drugs and recorded for general condition for 48 h, while the blood and kidneys were harvested at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h time points, respectively （n = 6 in each group at each time point）. Human proximal tubule epithelial cells （HK-2） were randomly divided into control group （medium only）, LPS group （LPS 5 μg/ml）, RvD1 group （RvD1 10 ng/ml ＋ LPS 5 μg/ml）, and blockage group （Boc-MLP 10 ng/ml ＋ RvD1 10 ng/ml ＋ LPS 5 μg/ml）. The cells were harvested for RNA at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h time points, respectively （n = 6 in each group at each time point）. Blood creatinine was tested by using an Abbott i-STAT portable blood gas analyzer. Tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α level was detected by EL1SA. Kidney pathology was observed under hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. We hired immune-histological staining, Western blotting, and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect the expression of RvD1 receptor ALX, nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-KB） signaling pathway as well as caspase-3. Kidney apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining. Results： RvD 1 receptor ALX was detected on renal tubular epithelials. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that RvD 1 improved 48 h animal survival （80%） compared with LPS group （40%） and RvDI blockage group （60%）, while RvD1 also ameliorated kidney pathological injury in HE staining and TEM scan. After LPS stimulation, the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, and TNF-α in both mice kidneys and HK-2 cells were all up-regulated, while RvDI substantially inhibited the up-regulation of these genes. Western blotting showed that the phosphorylated-IKB/IKB ratio in LPS group was significantly higher than that in the control group, which was inhibited in the RvD1 group. RvD1 could inhibit the up-regulation of cleaved-caspase-3 protein stimulated by LPS, which was prohibited in RvD 1 blockage group. RvD 1 group also had a lower proportion of apoptotic nuclei in mice kidney by TUNEL staining compared with LPS group. Conclusion： In LPS-induced AKI, RvD1 could decrease TNF-α level, ameliorate kidney pathological injury, protect kidney function, and improve animal survival by down-regulating NF-KB inflammatory signal as well as inhibiting renal cell apoptosis.

Calcium-containing versus calcium-free replacement solution in regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy:a randomized controlled trial

Background: A simplified protocol for regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) using a commercial calcium-containing replacement solution, without continuous calcium infusion, is more efficient for use in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). We aim to design a randomized clinical trial to compare the safety and efficacy between calcium-free and calcium-containing replacement solutions in CRRT with RCA.Methods: Of the 64 patients receiving RCA-based postdilution continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) enrolled from 2017 to 2019 in West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 35 patients were randomized to the calcium-containing group and 29 to the calcium-free replacement solution group. The primary endpoint was circuit lifespan and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. Secondary endpoints included hospital mortality, kidney function recovery rate, and complications. The amount of 4% trisodium citrate solution infusion was recorded. Serum and effluent total (tCa) and ionized (iCa) calcium concentrations were measured during CVVHDF.Results: A total of 149 circuits (82 in the calcium-containing group and 67 in the calcium-free group) and 7609 circuit hours (4335 hvs. 3274 h) were included. The mean circuit lifespan was 58.1 h (95% CI 53.8-62.4 h) in the calcium-containing groupvs. 55.3 h (95% CI 49.7-60.9 h, log rankP = 0.89) in the calcium-free group. The serum tCa and iCa concentrations were slightly lower in the calcium-containing group during CRRT, whereas the postfilter iCa concentration was lower in the calcium-free group. Moreover, the mean amounts of 4% trisodium citrate solution infusion were not significantly different between the groups (171.1 ± 15.9 mL/hvs. 169.0 ± 15.1 mL/h,P = 0.49). The mortality (14/35 [40%]vs. 13/29 [45%],P = 0.70) and kidney function recovery rates of AKI patients (19/26, 73%vs. 14/24, 58%,P = 0.27) were comparable between the calcium-containing and calcium-free group during hospitalization, respectively. Six (three in each group) patients showed signs of citrate accumulation in this study.Conclusions: When compared with calcium-free replacement solution, RCA-based CVVHDF with calcium-containing replacement solution had a similar circuit lifespan, hospital mortality and kidney outcome. Since the calcium-containing solution obviates the need for a separate venous catheter and a large dose of intravenous calcium solution preparation for continuous calcium supplementation, it is more convenient to be applied in RCA-CRRT practice.

Community Hemodialysis in China： Opportunities and Challenges

INTRODUCTIONAt present in China, hospital-based dialysis facilities are fully occupied, while the number of community hemodialysis （HD） centers is growing. In December 2016, the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China （NHFPC） set up ＂the regulations for the basic standard and the management of hemodialysis center,＂ which are the unified principles of the nation, as the mark of the policy released for independent HD centers.