Double-layered osmotic pump controlled release tablets of actarit: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

The aim of the study was to develop actarit double-layered osmotic pump tablets to overcome the weak points of actarit common tablets, such as short half-life and large plasma concentration fluctuations. Single factor experiment and orthogonal test were applied to optimize the formulation;the pharmacokinetic study was performed in beagle dogs adopting actarit common tablets as reference tablets. The optimal formulation was as follows: drug layer: 150 mg actarit, 240 mg PEO-N80, 50 mg NaCl;push layer: 140 mg PEO-WSR303, 20 mg NaCl;coating solution: 30 g cellulose acetate and 6 g PEG 4000 in 1000 ml 94% acetone solution, 60 mg coating weight gain. The pharmacokinetic study showed that T max was prolonged by the contrast of commercial common tablets with constant drug release rate, but the bioavailability was equivalent. And a good in vivo –in vitro correlation of the actarit osmotic pump tablets was also established. The designed actarit osmotic pump tablets can be applied for rheumatoid arthritis, proposing a promising replacement for the marked common products.

ATP6V0d2 mediates leucine-induced mTORCI activation and polarization of macrophages

Dear Editor, mTORCI, as a center regulatory hub of metabolism, senses the cellular energy status, nutrition and extracellular stimuli and regulates cell growth, differentiation and functions of immune cells (Powell et al., 2012). Lysosomal localization of key signal comp orients is critical for mTORCI activati on: mTORCI activation requires co-localization of activated Rheb and mTORCI to the lysosome membrane (Buerger et al., 2006). Signals in eluding growth factors, cellular stresses and energy levels act on the disruption the formation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) complex, comprised of TSC1, TSC2 and TBC1D7, which leads to the translocation and activation of Rheb on the lysosome membrane (Dibble et al., 2012). In response to nutrient levels, specifically the availability of amino acids and glucose (Efeyan et al., 2013), mTORCI is recruited to the lysosomal surface by Rag GTPases that are heterodimers of RagA or RagC bound to RagB or RagD. Multiple protein complexes have been implicated in regulation of mTORCI upon nutrient sensing including Ragulator, GATOR1, GATOR2, KICSTOR and vacuolar ATPases (Wolfson et al., 2017). Vacuolar ATPases are large multiple-protein complexes that acidify the lysosome and may mediate additional functions independent of their proton pump activity (Nishi and Forgac, 2002).

DAPK1(death associated protein kinase 1)mediates mTORC1 activation and antiviral activities in CD8^(+)T cells

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORCt)regulates CD8^(+)T-cell differentiation and function.Despite the links between PI3K-AKT and mTORCI activation in CD8^(+)T cells,the molecular mechanism underlying mTORCI activation remains undear.Here,we show that both the kinase activity and the death domain of DAPK1 are required for maximal mTOR activation and CD8^(+)T-cell function.We found that TCR-induced activation of calcineurin activates DAPK1,which subsequently interacts with TSC2 via its death domain and phosphorylates TSC2 to mediate mTORCI activation.Furthermore,both the kinase domain and death domain of DAPK1 are required for CD8^(+)T-cell antiviral responses in an LCMV infection model.Together,our data reveal a novel mechanism of mTORCI activation that mediates optimal CD8^(+)T-cell function and antiviral activity.