Cytokines are essential mediators of immune response and inflammatory reactions. Patients with chronic renal failure （CRF） commonly present with abnormalities of immune function related with impaired kidney function...Cytokines are essential mediators of immune response and inflammatory reactions. Patients with chronic renal failure （CRF） commonly present with abnormalities of immune function related with impaired kidney function and the accumulation of uremic toxins in addition to bioincompatibility of dialyzer membranes. During a hemodialysis （HD） session, cytokines are released mainly by monocytes activated by endotoxin-type compounds in dialyzer fluid, complement factors and direct contact with dialyzer membrane. The study included 15 CRF patients, aged 36.4 ± 2.9 years, on regular HD maintenance therapy for mean 68 ± 10 months and 15 healthy controls. It was designed to assess serum levels of a panel of inflammatory cytokines： IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in CRF patients on regular maintenance HD before, 20, 60 and 240 minutes of a single HD session in parallel with C-reactive protein （CRP） as an additional parameter. CRP concentration was increased in HD patients when compared with healthy controls. The concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were increased, whereas the serum level of IL-2 was not altered during a single HD session.展开更多
The annual meeting of the Heart Failure Association of ESC in Lisbon, in June 2005, was exceptionally successful. There were many very interesting presentations and workshops with the unique rifle： Statins in heart f...The annual meeting of the Heart Failure Association of ESC in Lisbon, in June 2005, was exceptionally successful. There were many very interesting presentations and workshops with the unique rifle： Statins in heart failureCholesterol-lowering is not the only goal. Heart failure （HF） is a progressive disease with coronary artery disease （CAD） as the most often underlying etiology. Treatment to prevent progression of heart failure has been targeted to reverse the consequences of HF and to a less extent the cause - the atherosclerotic plaque itself. On the average 50% of patients with heart failure are treated with lipid intervention. Lipid-lowering treatment with statins clearly reduces morbidity and mortality of patients with documented CAD. Since the prevalent etiology of heart failure is CAD, its prevention may reduce heart failure progression. However, recent studies suggest that pleiotropic effects of statins are more important than the influence related to their cholesterol lowering mechanism. Furthermore it is suggested that low levels of circulating lipoproteins and cholesterol may be independent predictors of impaired outcome in patients with heart failure. There are some possible explanations for this finding. High levels of cholesterol can be beneficial to heart failure patients; cholesterol-rich serum lipoproteins are able to modulate inflammatory immune function because they bind and detoxify bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a very strong stimulator of the release of proinflammatory cytokines that promote heart failure progression and death. So current recommendations strongly emphasize that the aim of treatment of HF is not to lower cholesterol. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（6）：433-437.展开更多
文摘Cytokines are essential mediators of immune response and inflammatory reactions. Patients with chronic renal failure （CRF） commonly present with abnormalities of immune function related with impaired kidney function and the accumulation of uremic toxins in addition to bioincompatibility of dialyzer membranes. During a hemodialysis （HD） session, cytokines are released mainly by monocytes activated by endotoxin-type compounds in dialyzer fluid, complement factors and direct contact with dialyzer membrane. The study included 15 CRF patients, aged 36.4 ± 2.9 years, on regular HD maintenance therapy for mean 68 ± 10 months and 15 healthy controls. It was designed to assess serum levels of a panel of inflammatory cytokines： IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in CRF patients on regular maintenance HD before, 20, 60 and 240 minutes of a single HD session in parallel with C-reactive protein （CRP） as an additional parameter. CRP concentration was increased in HD patients when compared with healthy controls. The concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were increased, whereas the serum level of IL-2 was not altered during a single HD session.
文摘The annual meeting of the Heart Failure Association of ESC in Lisbon, in June 2005, was exceptionally successful. There were many very interesting presentations and workshops with the unique rifle： Statins in heart failureCholesterol-lowering is not the only goal. Heart failure （HF） is a progressive disease with coronary artery disease （CAD） as the most often underlying etiology. Treatment to prevent progression of heart failure has been targeted to reverse the consequences of HF and to a less extent the cause - the atherosclerotic plaque itself. On the average 50% of patients with heart failure are treated with lipid intervention. Lipid-lowering treatment with statins clearly reduces morbidity and mortality of patients with documented CAD. Since the prevalent etiology of heart failure is CAD, its prevention may reduce heart failure progression. However, recent studies suggest that pleiotropic effects of statins are more important than the influence related to their cholesterol lowering mechanism. Furthermore it is suggested that low levels of circulating lipoproteins and cholesterol may be independent predictors of impaired outcome in patients with heart failure. There are some possible explanations for this finding. High levels of cholesterol can be beneficial to heart failure patients; cholesterol-rich serum lipoproteins are able to modulate inflammatory immune function because they bind and detoxify bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a very strong stimulator of the release of proinflammatory cytokines that promote heart failure progression and death. So current recommendations strongly emphasize that the aim of treatment of HF is not to lower cholesterol. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（6）：433-437.
