A comprehensive review of pre-lithiation/sodiation additives for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries

Lithium/Sodium-ion batteries(LIB/SIB)have attracted enormous attention as a promising electrochemical energy storage system due to their high energy density and long cycle life.One of the major hurdles is the initial irreversible capacity loss during the first few cycles owing to forming the solid electrolyte interphase layer(SEI).This process consumes a profusion of lithium/sodium,which reduces the overall energy density and cycle life.Thus,a suitable approach to compensate for the irreversible capacity loss must be developed to improve the energy density and cycle life.Pre-lithiation/sodiation is a widely accepted process to compensate for the irreversible capacity loss during the initial cycles.Various strategies such as physical,chemical,and electrochemical pre-lithiation/sodiation have been explored;however,these approaches add an extra step to the current manufacturing process.Alternative to these strategies,pre-lithiation/sodiation additives have attracted enormous attention due to their easy adaptability and compatibility with the current battery manufacturing process.In this review,we consolidate recent developments and emphasize the importance of using pre-lithiation/sodiation additives(anode and cathode)to overcome the irreversible capacity loss during the initial cycles in lithium/sodium-ion batteries.This review also addresses the technical and scientific challenges of using pre-lithiation/sodiation additives and offers the insights to boost the energy density and cycle life with their possible commercial exploration.The most important prerequisites for designing effective pre-lithiation/sodiation additives have been explored and the future directions have been discussed.

Chemical surface tuning of zinc metal anode toward stable,dendrite-less aqueous zinc-ion batteries

The commercialization of Zn batteries is confronted with urgent challenges in the metal anode,such as dendrite formation,capacity loss,and cracking or dissolution.Here,surface interfacial engineering of the Zn anode is introduced for achieving safety and dendritic-free cycling for high-performance aqueous Zn batteries through a simple but highly effective chemical etching-substitution method.The chemical modification induces a rough peak-valley surface with a thin fluorine-rich interfacial layer on the Zn anode surface,which regulates the growth orientation via guiding uniform Zn plating/stripping,significantly enhances accessibility to aqueous electrolytes and improves wettability by reducing surface energy.As a result,such a synergetic surface effect enables uniform Zn plating/stripping with low polarization of 29 m V at a current density of 0.5 m A cm^(-2) with stable cyclic performance up to 1000 h.Further,a full cell composed of a fluorine-substituted Zn anode coupled with aβ-MnO_(2)or Ba-V_(6)O_(13)cathode demonstrates improved capacity retention to 1000 cycles compared to the pristine-Zn cells.The proposed valley deposition model provides the practical direction of surface-modified interfacial chemistries for improving the electrochemical properties of multivalent metal anodes via surface tuning.

Pd/Fe_(3)O_(4) supported on bio-waste derived cellulosic-carbon as a nanocatalyst for C-C coupling and electrocatalytic application

The current work describes the synthesis of a new bio-waste derived cellulosic-carbon supportedpalladium nanoparticles enriched magnetic nanocatalyst(Pd/Fe_(3)O_(4)@C)using a simple multi-step process under aerobic conditions.Under mild reaction conditions,the Pd/Fe_(3)O_(4)@C magnetic nanocatalyst demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in the Hiyama cross-coupling reaction for a variety of substrates.Also,the Pd/Fe_(3)O_(4)@C magnetic nanocatalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity up to five recycles without significant catalytic activity loss in the Hiyama cross-coupling reaction.Also,we explored the use of Pd/Fe_(3)O_(4)@C magnetic nanocatalyst as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction.Interestingly,the Pd/Fe_(3)O_(4)@C magnetic nanocatalyst exhibited better electrochemical activity compared to bare carbon and magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles)with an overpotential of 293 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm^(–2).