Phenolic Profile,Antioxidant,Antihyperlipidemic and Cardiac Risk Preventive Effect of Pigmented Black Rice Variety Chakhao poireiton in High-Fat High-Sugar Induced Rats

The present study aimed to investigate the hypolipidemic,antioxidant and cardiac risk-suppressing effects of Chakhao poireiton(CP),a GI-tagged pigmented black rice from India.In vitro and ex vivo studies confirmed that whole rice extracts of CP have potent antioxidant,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase,cholesterol esterase inhibitory,and antilipase effects.An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the ethanol extracts of CP on high-fat high-sugar induced hyperlipidemic rats.The ethanol extract significantly ameliorated lipid parameters and liver enzymes to normal.Levels of lactate dehydrogenase,creatine kinase-N-acetyl cysteine,C-reactive protein,and lipoprotein a were significantly lower in the extract-treated groups than those in the disease control group.A marked reduction of ApoB/ApoA1 and other atherogenic indices were observed in extract-treated groups.Twelve phenolic compounds,i.e.rosamarinic acid,gallic acid,protocatechuic acid etc.,were quantified in CP.This study provided the first evidence of the antihyperlipidemic and cardiac risk inhibitory effects of CP,which would be beneficial in preventing and managing hyperlipidemia,associated oxidative stress,and cardiac complications.

Diabetes mellitus and COVID-19:Understanding the association in light of current evidence

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infections have posed a problematic healthcare situation worldwide since December 2019.Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk and severity of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).While interacting with various other risk factors,high blood sugar was found to reduce immunity and increase the replication of SARS�CoV-2.Oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines are greater in diabetic individuals than in healthy people,worsening the outcome of SARS�CoV-2 infection in diabetics.Increased expression of furin and angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE-2)receptor in the hyperglycemic environment may promote the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the host cell.COVID-19 infection primarily modulates immune and inflammatory responses,and may cause a cytokine storm,resulting in possible lethal outcomes in diabetics.An experimental report suggests that ACE expressed in the pancreas and the SARS-CoV-2 virus invariably destroyβ-cells which contain ACE-2 receptors and results in acute diabetes.Moreover,COVID-19 also causes hyperglycemia in an individual with diabetes which may be related to insulin resistance and destruction ofβ-cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Early observations also suggest a correlation between oral hypoglycemic agents and the risk of COVID-19.This review focused on the possible cause and mechanism involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection in diabetics and the role of antidiabetic drugs in COVID-19.