Liposomes effectively transport fatty proteins to targeted tissues. Laboratory experiments use multiple methods to administer liposomes, but comparison of these methods is not available. In this retrospective study, w...Liposomes effectively transport fatty proteins to targeted tissues. Laboratory experiments use multiple methods to administer liposomes, but comparison of these methods is not available. In this retrospective study, we characterized and compared four intravenous administration routes (tail vein, jugular catheter, femoral vein and percutaneous retro-orbital injections) in murine models. ApoE<sup>-/-</sup> mice were used to compare administration routes. Results indicate that the jugular catheter route delivered the highest amount of liposomes to tissues due to longer period of injections compared to other routes;however, this route failed to remain patent for 8/10 animals. Delivery via tail vein, femoral vein and percutaneous retro-orbital injections resulted in similar accumulation in the organs. When including technical difficulty and expense, percutaneous retro-orbital injections of liposomes are the most convenient and efficacious approach.展开更多
Background: Atherosclerosis, which is the principal cause of heart attacks and strokes, is the leading cause of death in the United States. Various biological processes such as apoptosis and autophagy are involved in ...Background: Atherosclerosis, which is the principal cause of heart attacks and strokes, is the leading cause of death in the United States. Various biological processes such as apoptosis and autophagy are involved in almost every stage of atherosclerosis, which could lead to plaque instability causing stroke and death. Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) is an adipokine released by macrophages and is involved in multiple disease conditions including stroke. However, the association of FABP4 with macrophage apoptosis and autophagy in atherosclerosis has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that silencing FABP4 protein could be a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate macrophage apoptosis and autophagy thereby minimizing plaque instability in atherosclerosis. Methods: RAW264 mouse macrophage cells were transfected with siRNA control liposome quantum dots (QD), siFABP4 liposome QD at the concentration of 150 μg/ml total lipids, or TNF-α at 100 ng/ml. Western blot and reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis were completed. Results: Inhibiting the translation of FABP4 blocked the apoptotic pathway as evidenced from the increased expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-xL and BCL-2 along with reduced expression of BAX and activated Caspase 3 levels. Beclin-1 and LC3-II levels were also reduced with knocking down FABP4 indicating the attenuation of autophagy. Conclusion: Targeting FABP4 protects against macrophage processes associated with the progression of atherosclerosis.展开更多
文摘Liposomes effectively transport fatty proteins to targeted tissues. Laboratory experiments use multiple methods to administer liposomes, but comparison of these methods is not available. In this retrospective study, we characterized and compared four intravenous administration routes (tail vein, jugular catheter, femoral vein and percutaneous retro-orbital injections) in murine models. ApoE<sup>-/-</sup> mice were used to compare administration routes. Results indicate that the jugular catheter route delivered the highest amount of liposomes to tissues due to longer period of injections compared to other routes;however, this route failed to remain patent for 8/10 animals. Delivery via tail vein, femoral vein and percutaneous retro-orbital injections resulted in similar accumulation in the organs. When including technical difficulty and expense, percutaneous retro-orbital injections of liposomes are the most convenient and efficacious approach.
文摘Background: Atherosclerosis, which is the principal cause of heart attacks and strokes, is the leading cause of death in the United States. Various biological processes such as apoptosis and autophagy are involved in almost every stage of atherosclerosis, which could lead to plaque instability causing stroke and death. Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) is an adipokine released by macrophages and is involved in multiple disease conditions including stroke. However, the association of FABP4 with macrophage apoptosis and autophagy in atherosclerosis has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that silencing FABP4 protein could be a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate macrophage apoptosis and autophagy thereby minimizing plaque instability in atherosclerosis. Methods: RAW264 mouse macrophage cells were transfected with siRNA control liposome quantum dots (QD), siFABP4 liposome QD at the concentration of 150 μg/ml total lipids, or TNF-α at 100 ng/ml. Western blot and reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis were completed. Results: Inhibiting the translation of FABP4 blocked the apoptotic pathway as evidenced from the increased expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-xL and BCL-2 along with reduced expression of BAX and activated Caspase 3 levels. Beclin-1 and LC3-II levels were also reduced with knocking down FABP4 indicating the attenuation of autophagy. Conclusion: Targeting FABP4 protects against macrophage processes associated with the progression of atherosclerosis.
