As one of the five most important spheres affecting climate systems globally, the cryosphere not only exerts crucial impacts on natural environment, but also plays a key role in guaranteeing the goods and services pro...As one of the five most important spheres affecting climate systems globally, the cryosphere not only exerts crucial impacts on natural environment, but also plays a key role in guaranteeing the goods and services provision of the oasis in the cold and arid regions. However, there is a lack of synthesized knowledge about the contributions and profitability on socio-economic aspects of the cryospheric services (CSs). To cope with this key and urgent sustainable development issues, this study constructs a comprehensive regionalization research system that integrates the natural and socio-economic aspects for cryospheric characteristics with emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches. Guided by the supply- demand equilibrium model and the service maximization model, the research system consists of establishing a classification system for CSs, identifying the spatial distribution pattern of CSs, and constructing the comprehensive regionalization of CSs, which finally divides the research area into relatively independent, complete, and organically linked CS units of multiple spatial levels. By setting up a bridge between the CSs with socio-economic needs, it has profound and practical significance and implications for implementing the sustainable utilization strategies and macroeconomic policymaking for global environmental protection.展开更多
Alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） catalyzes the interconversion of aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols, and is a key enzyme in volatile ester biosynthesis. However, little is known regarding ADH and ADH encoding ge...Alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） catalyzes the interconversion of aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols, and is a key enzyme in volatile ester biosynthesis. However, little is known regarding ADH and ADH encoding genes （ADHs） in pear. We identified 8 ADHs in the pear＇s genome （PbrADHs） by multiple sequences alignment. The PbrADHs were highly ho- mologous in their coding regions, while were diversiform in structure. 9 introns were predicted in PbrADH3-PbrADH8, while 8 introns, generated through exon fusion and intron loss, were predicted in PbrADH1 and PbrADH2. To study the genetic regulation underlying aroma biogenesis in pear fruit, we determined the PbrADH transcripts, ADH activities and volatile contents of fruits during ripening stage for Nanguoli and Dangshansuli, two cultivars having different aroma characteristics. ADH activity was strongly associated with the transcription of ADH~ in the two cultivars during fruit ripening stage. The higher ester content paralleling to a higher ADH activity was detected in Nanguoli than in Dangshansuli, so it is induced that the lower ester content in Dangshansuli fruit may be the result of weak ADH activity. The present study revealed that total ADH activity and volatile ester production correlated with increased PbrADHstranscript levels. PbrADH6 may contribute to ADH activity catalyzing aldehyde reduction and ester formation in pear fruit.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41690145).
文摘As one of the five most important spheres affecting climate systems globally, the cryosphere not only exerts crucial impacts on natural environment, but also plays a key role in guaranteeing the goods and services provision of the oasis in the cold and arid regions. However, there is a lack of synthesized knowledge about the contributions and profitability on socio-economic aspects of the cryospheric services (CSs). To cope with this key and urgent sustainable development issues, this study constructs a comprehensive regionalization research system that integrates the natural and socio-economic aspects for cryospheric characteristics with emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches. Guided by the supply- demand equilibrium model and the service maximization model, the research system consists of establishing a classification system for CSs, identifying the spatial distribution pattern of CSs, and constructing the comprehensive regionalization of CSs, which finally divides the research area into relatively independent, complete, and organically linked CS units of multiple spatial levels. By setting up a bridge between the CSs with socio-economic needs, it has profound and practical significance and implications for implementing the sustainable utilization strategies and macroeconomic policymaking for global environmental protection.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301739)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-year Plan Period(2013BAD02B01-4)
文摘Alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） catalyzes the interconversion of aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols, and is a key enzyme in volatile ester biosynthesis. However, little is known regarding ADH and ADH encoding genes （ADHs） in pear. We identified 8 ADHs in the pear＇s genome （PbrADHs） by multiple sequences alignment. The PbrADHs were highly ho- mologous in their coding regions, while were diversiform in structure. 9 introns were predicted in PbrADH3-PbrADH8, while 8 introns, generated through exon fusion and intron loss, were predicted in PbrADH1 and PbrADH2. To study the genetic regulation underlying aroma biogenesis in pear fruit, we determined the PbrADH transcripts, ADH activities and volatile contents of fruits during ripening stage for Nanguoli and Dangshansuli, two cultivars having different aroma characteristics. ADH activity was strongly associated with the transcription of ADH~ in the two cultivars during fruit ripening stage. The higher ester content paralleling to a higher ADH activity was detected in Nanguoli than in Dangshansuli, so it is induced that the lower ester content in Dangshansuli fruit may be the result of weak ADH activity. The present study revealed that total ADH activity and volatile ester production correlated with increased PbrADHstranscript levels. PbrADH6 may contribute to ADH activity catalyzing aldehyde reduction and ester formation in pear fruit.
