模拟降水和氮沉降增加对草地生物量影响的研究进展

研究降水和氮沉降增加对草地生态系统生物量的作用机制及其适应特征,有助于深刻理解气候变化对草地生态系统生产力和各项服务功能的影响,对草地生态系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文综述了模拟降水和氮沉降增加对草地植物生物量的改变及其可能的机制分析,探讨了植物对环境的适应特征,并在此基础上提出了未来气候变化条件下草地生态系统所面临的挑战和当前研究中主要存在的问题。

Diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in desert shrubland of Artemisia Ordosica on Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia, China

The diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in the A. ordosica shrubland on Ordos Plateau were investigated in the growing season （May-October） of 2006 and their environmental driving factors were also analyzed, Results indicated that diurnal dynamics of soil respiration rate and its temperature dependence showed some discrepancy in two different growth stages （the vegetative growth stage and the reproductive growth stage）. During the vegetative growth stage, the diurnal variation of soil respiration was slight and not correlated with the daily temperature change, but during the reproductive growth stage, the daily respiration variation was relatively large and significantly correlated with the diurnal variation of air and soil temperature. In the growing season, the peak value of soil respiration occurred at July and August because of the better soil water-heat conditions and their optimal deployment in this period. In the shrubland ecosystem, precipitation was the switch of soil respiration pulses and can greatly increase soil respiration rates after soil rewetting. Moreover, the soil respiration rates in the growing season and the air temperature and soil surface water content were closely correlated （p〈0.05） each other. The stepwise regression model indicated that the variation of soil surface moisture accounted for 41.9% of the variation in soil respiration （p〈0.05）.

Precipitation Pulses and Soil CO_2 Emission in Desert Shrubland of Artemisia ordosica on the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia,China

Precipitation is the major driver of ecosystem functions and processes in semiarid and arid regions. In such water- limited ecosystems, pulsed water inputs directly control the belowground processes through a series of soil drying and rewetting cycles. To investigate the effects of sporadic addition of water on soil CO 2 efflux, an artificial precipitation event (3 mm) was applied to a desert shrub ecosystem in the Mu Us Sand Land of the Ordos Plateau in China. Soil respiration rate increased 2.8-4.1 times immediately after adding water in the field, and then it returned to background level within 48 h. During the experiment, soil CO 2 production was between 2 047.0 and 7 383.0 mg m -2 . In the shrubland, soil respiration responses showed spatial variations, having stronger pulse effects beneath the shrubs than in the interplant spaces. The spatial variation of the soil respiration responses was closely related with the heterogeneity of soil substrate availability. Apart from precipitation, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pool were also identified as determinants of soil CO2 loss in desert ecosystems.

Interactions of water and nitrogen addition on soil microbial community composition and functional diversity depending on the inter-annual precipitation in a Chinese steppe

Water and nitrogen are primary limiting factors in semiarid grassland ecosystems. Our knowledge is still poor regarding the interactive effects of water and N addition on soil microbial communities, although this information is crucial to reveal the mechanisms of the terrestrial ecosystem response to global changes. We addressed this problem by conducting a field experiment with a 15% surplus of the average rainfall under three levels of N addition（50, 100, and 200 kg N ha–1 yr–1） in two consecutive years in Inner Mongolia, China. Microbial community composition and functional diversity were analyzed based on phospholipid fatty acids（PLFA） and BIOLOG techniques, respectively. The results showed that water addition did not affect the soil microbial community composition, but much more yearly precipitation generally decreased the PLFA concentration, which implied a fast response of soil microbes to changes of water condition. Soil fungi was depressed only by N addition at the high level（200 kg N ha–1 yr–1） and without hydrologic leaching, while Gram-negative bacteria was suppressed probably by plant competition at high level N addition but with hydrologic leaching. The study found unilateral positive/negative interactions between water and N addition in affecting soil microbial community, however, climate condition（precipitation） could be a significant factor in disturbing the interactions. This study highlighted that：（1） The sustained effect of pulsed water addition was minimal on the soil microbial community composition but significant on the microbial community functional diversity and（2） the complex interaction between water and N addition on soil microbial community related to the inter-annual variation of the climate and plant response.

Emission characteristics of carbon dioxide in the semiarid Stipa grandis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China

Using the static opaque chamber method, the soil respiration rates （SR） were measured through the continuous experiments in situ in semiarid Stipa grandis steppe in Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China from June 2001 to June 2003, in parallel, the difference between the SR and the ecosystem respiration rates （TER） were compared. The results indicated that the seasonal variations of the SR and TER were obvious with higher emissions in growing season and a relatively low efflux level in non-growing season, furthermore, the negative effluxes were found in the observation site in winter; the annual CO2 efflux of total ecosystem ranged from 160.5 gC/（m^2·a） to 162.8 gC/（m^2·a） and that of soil ranged from 118.7 gC/（m^2·a） to 152.3 gC/（m^2·a）. The annual SR accounted for about 74.0% to 93.5% of the annual TER, but the results of Analysis of Variance （ANOVA） indicated that the difference between the annual average TER and SR did not reach the significance level of 0.05. The TER was under similar environmental controls as SR, in growing seasons of drought years, the variations of soil moisture at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth could account for 79,1% 95.6% of the changes of the SR and TER, but in non-growing season, more than 75% of the variations of the SR and TER could be explained by the changes of the ground temperature of soil surface layers.

冻融期温带草地土壤呼吸和土壤异养呼吸的日变化特征及对水氮添加的响应

探讨冻融期土壤呼吸和土壤异养呼吸如何响应降雨变化和氮沉降增加,对于准确预估未来全球变化背景下陆地生态系统土壤碳动态有着重要意义。选择内蒙古温带典型草地开展增雨和氮沉降增加野外模拟实验,分析水氮变化条件下冻融期土壤呼吸及土壤异养呼吸的日变化特征。冻融期,土壤呼吸及土壤异养呼吸通量(CO_(2)排放速率)最大值出现在温度最高的午后或是土壤发生冻融后的早晨,最小值则出现在昼夜内温度最低的时间段。在秋季和春季两个昼夜观测日期内,水氮增加对呼吸通量的促进效应均不显著(P>0.05),但却促使土壤呼吸累积通量分别增加了约145 mg m^(-2)和70 mg m^(-2)。由于异养呼吸在土壤呼吸中占比高(>70.3%),因此,这两个观测时段内,水氮增加促使土壤异养呼吸日累积通量增加的值与土壤呼吸增加的值十分接近。呼吸通量与土壤水分、氮含量以及5 cm和10 cm地温的相关性不显著(P>0.05),与气温和表层地温的相关性显著,且呈现显著的一元二次非线性拟合关系(P<0.01),其中,气温可以解释呼吸通量日变化的53%~84%。温度是控制呼吸通量日变化的主要因子,水氮添加在昼夜观测尺度上对土壤呼吸和土壤异养呼吸的日累积通量的促进效应不容忽视。

Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Nutrients and Respiration in the Desertified Grasslands of Inner Mongolia,China

There is a limited knowledge of spatial heterogeneity in soil nutrients and soil respiration in the semi-arid and arid grasslands of China.This study investigated the spatial differences in soil nutrients and soil respiration among three desertified grasslands and within two shrub-dominated communities on the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia,China in 2006.Both soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) were significantly different(P < 0.01) among the three desertified grasslands along a degradation gradient.Within the two shrub-dominated communities,the SOC and TN contents decreased with increasing distance from the main stems of the shrub,and this "fertile island" effect was most pronounced in the surface soil.The total soil respirations during the growing season were 131.26,95.95,and 118.66 g C m-2,respectively,for the steppe,shrub,and shrub-perennial grass communities.The coefficient of variability of soil respiration was the highest in the shrub community and lowest in the steppe community.CO2 effluxes from the soil under the canopy of shrub were significantly higher than those from the soil covered with biological crusts and the bare soil in the interplant spaces in the shrub community.However,soil respiration beneath the shrubs was not different from that of the soil in the inter-shrub of the shrub-perennial grass community.This is probably due to the smaller shrub size.In the two shrub-dominated communities,spatial variability in soil respiration was found to depend on soil water content and C:N ratio.

氮沉降对冻融期土壤N_(2)O排放的影响效应和机制

N_(2)O是三大重要温室气体之一,同时它还破坏臭氧层,其损失的多寡还决定着土壤中氮养分存量。近年来,土壤N_(2)O排放对氮沉降等全球变化因子的响应备受关注,但相关研究多集中在生长季,针对非生长季特别是冻融期的研究还十分薄弱。本文梳理了现有文献,归纳总结了氮沉降对非生长季冻融期土壤N_(2)O排放的影响效应,并从土壤理化性质和土壤微生物学特征变化等方面论述了氮沉降对冻融期土壤N_(2)O排放的可能影响机制,指出了现有研究中的不足,并对未来研究进行了展望,以期为进一步深入认识和研究全球变化背景下土壤N_(2)O的排放特征、驱动机制以及进一步采取有效措施控制土壤N_(2)O的排放提供参考依据。