Online automated identification of farmland pests is an important auxiliary means of pest control.In practical applications,the online insect identification system is often unable to locate and identify the target pes...Online automated identification of farmland pests is an important auxiliary means of pest control.In practical applications,the online insect identification system is often unable to locate and identify the target pest accurately due to factors such as small target size,high similarity between species and complex backgrounds.To facilitate the identification of insect larvae,a two-stage segmentation method,MRUNet was proposed in this study.Structurally,MRUNet borrows the practice of object detection before semantic segmentation from Mask R-CNN and then uses an improved lightweight UNet to perform the semantic segmentation.To reliably evaluate the segmentation results of the models,statistical methods were introduced to measure the stability of the performance of the models among samples in addition to the evaluation indicators commonly used for semantic segmentation.The experimental results showed that this two-stage image segmentation strategy is effective in dealing with small targets in complex backgrounds.Compared with existing state-of-the-art semantic segmentation methods,MRUNet shows better stability and detail processing ability under the same conditions.This study provides a reliable reference for the automated identification of insect larvae.展开更多
Mikania micrantha Kunth is an invasive alien weed and known as a plant killer around the world.Accurately and rapidly identifying M.micrantha in the wild is important for monitoring its growth status,as this helps man...Mikania micrantha Kunth is an invasive alien weed and known as a plant killer around the world.Accurately and rapidly identifying M.micrantha in the wild is important for monitoring its growth status,as this helps management officials to take the necessary steps to devise a comprehensive strategy to control the invasive weed in the identified area.However,this approach still mainly depends on satellite remote sensing and manual inspection.The cost is high and the accuracy rate and efficiency are low.We acquired color images of the monitoring area in the wild environment using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)and proposed a novel network-MmNet-based on a deep Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)to identify M.micrantha in the images.The network consists of AlexNet Local Response Normalization(LRN),along with the GoogLeNet and continuous convolution of VGG inception models.After training and testing,the identification of 400 testing samples by MmNet is very good,with accuracy of 94.50%and time cost of 10.369 s.Moreover,in quantitative comparative analysis,the proposed MmNet not only has high accuracy and efficiency but also simple construction and outstanding repeatability.Compared with recently popular CNNs,MmNet is more suitable for the identification of M.micrantha in the wild.However,to meet the challenge of wild environments,more M.micrantha images need to be acquired for MmNet training.In addition,the classification labels need to be sorted in more detail.Altogether,this research provides some theoretical and scientific basis for the development of intelligent monitoring and early warning systems for M.micrantha and other invasive species.展开更多
The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),is native to the Americas.It has rapidly invaded 47 African countries and 18 Asian countries since the first detection of invasion into Nigeria and Ghana in 2016...The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),is native to the Americas.It has rapidly invaded 47 African countries and 18 Asian countries since the first detection of invasion into Nigeria and Ghana in 2016.It is regarded as a super pest based on its host range(at least 353 host plants),its inherent ability to survive in a wide range of habitats,its strong migration ability,high fecundity,rapid development of resistance to insecticides/viruses and its gluttonous characteristics.The inherently superior biological characteristics of FAW contribute to its invasiveness.Integrated pest management(IPM)of FAW has relied on multiple applications of monitoring and scouting,agricultural control,chemical pesticides,viral insecticides,sex attractants,bio-control agents(parasitoids,predators and entomopathogens)and botanicals.Knowledge gaps remain to be filled to:(1)understand the invasive mechanisms of S.frugiperda;(2)understand how to prevent its further spread and(3)provide better management strategies.This review summarizes the biological characters of FAW,their association with its invasiveness and IPM strategies,which may provide further insights for future management.展开更多
Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)is a reliable and widely used technique for analyzing the expression profiles of target genes in different species,and reference genes with stable expressions have been introduced for t...Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)is a reliable and widely used technique for analyzing the expression profiles of target genes in different species,and reference genes with stable expressions have been introduced for the normalization of the data.Therefore,stability evaluation should be considered as the initial step for qPCR experiments.The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is a polyphagous pest that consumes many plant species and seriously threatens corn production around the world.However,no studies thus far have examined the stability of reference genes in this pest.In this study,the expression profiles of the eight candidate reference genes of Actin,elongation factor 1 alpha(EF1α),elongation factor 2(EF2),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),ribosomal protein L3(RPL3),ribosomal protein L13(RPL13),alpha-tubulin(α-TUB),and beta-1-tubulin(β-1-TUB)were obtained from S.frugiperda in different samples and the stability was evaluated byΔCt,BestKeeper,geNorm,NormFinder,and RefFinder methods.The results of pairwise variation(V)calculated by GeNorm indicated two reference genes could be selected for normalization.Therefore,the combinations of the most stable reference genes for different experimental conditions of S.frugiperda were shown as follows:EF2 and RPL13 for developmental stages,RPL3 andβ-1-TUB for larval tissue samples,EF2 and EF1αfor the larval samples treated with different temperatures,RPL3 and EF1αfor the larval samples under starvation stress,and RPL13 and EF1αfor all the samples.Our results lay the foundation for the normalization of qPCR analyses in S.frugiperda and could help guarantee the accuracy of subsequent research.展开更多
Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(Cp...Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(CpJHE-like) which is comprised of a 1 761 bp coding sequence(CDS) encoding 587 amino acid residues from the transcriptome data.The deduced protein sequence of CpJHE-like showed the highest identity of 60.44% with the Adoxophyes honmai JHE(AhJHE) and the minimal identity of 25.81% with Aedes aegypti JHE(AaJHE).CpJHE-like exhibited all the seven typical motifs of the functional JHEs and had the highly consistent tertiary structure with Manduca sexta JHE(MsJHE).Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CpJHE-like was close to two JHEs from the family Tortricidae.The CpJHE-like transcript level take a leap in the 3-day-old fifth instar larva,increased about 300-fold compared to the basal level.Tissue-specific expression profile showed that the CpJHE-like transcript was expressed mainly in the fat body.This study indicates that the CpJHE-like is the functional JHE,which may play vital roles in the development and reproduction of C.pomonella.展开更多
Invasive alien species(IAS) are species whose introduction to areas outside of their native range cause harm to economics, biodiversity, and the environment. Understanding the genetic basis of invasiveness is critical...Invasive alien species(IAS) are species whose introduction to areas outside of their native range cause harm to economics, biodiversity, and the environment. Understanding the genetic basis of invasiveness is critical for preventing invasion by an alien species and managing IAS with eco-friendly control methods. In addition, uncovering the genomic features of IAS is essential for accurately predicting invasiveness. However, even though increasing efforts have been devoted to sequencing the genomes of IAS, there is still not an integrated genome database for the invasive biology community. Here, we first determined a list of invasive plants and animals by mining references and databases. Then, we retrieved the genomic and gene data of these IAS, and constructed a database, Invasion DB. Invasion DB encompasses 131 IAS genomes, 76 annotated IAS assemblies, and links these data to conventional functions such as searching for gene coding sequences and Pfam, KEGG, NR annotations, BLAST server, JBrowse, and downloads services. Next, we analyzed 19 invasivenessrelated gene families which confer invasiveness in insects. To study the roles of noncoding RNA in invasiveness, we also annotated 135 494 mi RNAs, 89 294 r RNAs, and 2 671 941 t RNAs from these IAS. In summary, Invasion DB is useful for studying the invasiveness at the genomic level, and thus helps to develop novel management strategies to control IAS.展开更多
1. IAS1000 Project The rapid development of omics provides new technologies andmethodologiesforthestudyofinvasionbiology.Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (CAAS-AGIS)andInstituteofPlantProtection,ChineseAcad...1. IAS1000 Project The rapid development of omics provides new technologies andmethodologiesforthestudyofinvasionbiology.Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (CAAS-AGIS)andInstituteofPlantProtection,ChineseAcademyof AgriculturalSciences(CAAS-IPP)initiatedthe"IAS1000Project"-A genome project of 1 000 invasive alien species,and established the "IAS1000 Alliance" in Shenzhen, China,on November 14, 2018.Via deep-mining of omics data,theprojectaimsforbetterunderstandingtheecological processesandmolecularmechanismsofbiological invasion, and developing new technologies and products for prevention and management of invasive alien species.Up展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1400100,2021YFD1400101 and 2021YFD1400102)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation of China(2021JJA130221)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)。
文摘Online automated identification of farmland pests is an important auxiliary means of pest control.In practical applications,the online insect identification system is often unable to locate and identify the target pest accurately due to factors such as small target size,high similarity between species and complex backgrounds.To facilitate the identification of insect larvae,a two-stage segmentation method,MRUNet was proposed in this study.Structurally,MRUNet borrows the practice of object detection before semantic segmentation from Mask R-CNN and then uses an improved lightweight UNet to perform the semantic segmentation.To reliably evaluate the segmentation results of the models,statistical methods were introduced to measure the stability of the performance of the models among samples in addition to the evaluation indicators commonly used for semantic segmentation.The experimental results showed that this two-stage image segmentation strategy is effective in dealing with small targets in complex backgrounds.Compared with existing state-of-the-art semantic segmentation methods,MRUNet shows better stability and detail processing ability under the same conditions.This study provides a reliable reference for the automated identification of insect larvae.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(3180111238)the Fund Project of the Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China(SCIPM2018-05)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Nanning,China(20192065)the Guangdong Science and Technology Planning Project,China(2017A020216022)the Industrial Development Fund Support Project of Dapeng District,Shenzhen,China(KY20180117)。
文摘Mikania micrantha Kunth is an invasive alien weed and known as a plant killer around the world.Accurately and rapidly identifying M.micrantha in the wild is important for monitoring its growth status,as this helps management officials to take the necessary steps to devise a comprehensive strategy to control the invasive weed in the identified area.However,this approach still mainly depends on satellite remote sensing and manual inspection.The cost is high and the accuracy rate and efficiency are low.We acquired color images of the monitoring area in the wild environment using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)and proposed a novel network-MmNet-based on a deep Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)to identify M.micrantha in the images.The network consists of AlexNet Local Response Normalization(LRN),along with the GoogLeNet and continuous convolution of VGG inception models.After training and testing,the identification of 400 testing samples by MmNet is very good,with accuracy of 94.50%and time cost of 10.369 s.Moreover,in quantitative comparative analysis,the proposed MmNet not only has high accuracy and efficiency but also simple construction and outstanding repeatability.Compared with recently popular CNNs,MmNet is more suitable for the identification of M.micrantha in the wild.However,to meet the challenge of wild environments,more M.micrantha images need to be acquired for MmNet training.In addition,the classification labels need to be sorted in more detail.Altogether,this research provides some theoretical and scientific basis for the development of intelligent monitoring and early warning systems for M.micrantha and other invasive species.
基金supported by the Australia-China Joint Center for the PreventionManagement of Exotic Invasive Species,the Harry Butler Institute,Murdoch University,WA,Australiathe Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)。
文摘The fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),is native to the Americas.It has rapidly invaded 47 African countries and 18 Asian countries since the first detection of invasion into Nigeria and Ghana in 2016.It is regarded as a super pest based on its host range(at least 353 host plants),its inherent ability to survive in a wide range of habitats,its strong migration ability,high fecundity,rapid development of resistance to insecticides/viruses and its gluttonous characteristics.The inherently superior biological characteristics of FAW contribute to its invasiveness.Integrated pest management(IPM)of FAW has relied on multiple applications of monitoring and scouting,agricultural control,chemical pesticides,viral insecticides,sex attractants,bio-control agents(parasitoids,predators and entomopathogens)and botanicals.Knowledge gaps remain to be filled to:(1)understand the invasive mechanisms of S.frugiperda;(2)understand how to prevent its further spread and(3)provide better management strategies.This review summarizes the biological characters of FAW,their association with its invasiveness and IPM strategies,which may provide further insights for future management.
基金financially supported by the fund from the KeyArea Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(2020B020223004)the Innovation Team Project in Guangdong Provincial Department of Education(2017KCXTD018)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Projects,China(201704020190,201805010008 and 201904010135)。
文摘Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)is a reliable and widely used technique for analyzing the expression profiles of target genes in different species,and reference genes with stable expressions have been introduced for the normalization of the data.Therefore,stability evaluation should be considered as the initial step for qPCR experiments.The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is a polyphagous pest that consumes many plant species and seriously threatens corn production around the world.However,no studies thus far have examined the stability of reference genes in this pest.In this study,the expression profiles of the eight candidate reference genes of Actin,elongation factor 1 alpha(EF1α),elongation factor 2(EF2),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),ribosomal protein L3(RPL3),ribosomal protein L13(RPL13),alpha-tubulin(α-TUB),and beta-1-tubulin(β-1-TUB)were obtained from S.frugiperda in different samples and the stability was evaluated byΔCt,BestKeeper,geNorm,NormFinder,and RefFinder methods.The results of pairwise variation(V)calculated by GeNorm indicated two reference genes could be selected for normalization.Therefore,the combinations of the most stable reference genes for different experimental conditions of S.frugiperda were shown as follows:EF2 and RPL13 for developmental stages,RPL3 andβ-1-TUB for larval tissue samples,EF2 and EF1αfor the larval samples treated with different temperatures,RPL3 and EF1αfor the larval samples under starvation stress,and RPL13 and EF1αfor all the samples.Our results lay the foundation for the normalization of qPCR analyses in S.frugiperda and could help guarantee the accuracy of subsequent research.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1201200,2017YFC1200600 and 2016YFC1200602)the Basic Research on Science and Technology Project of Shenzhen,China(JCYJ20160530191934833)the Dapeng New District Industrial Development Special Fund of Shenzhen,China(KY20180215)
文摘Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(CpJHE-like) which is comprised of a 1 761 bp coding sequence(CDS) encoding 587 amino acid residues from the transcriptome data.The deduced protein sequence of CpJHE-like showed the highest identity of 60.44% with the Adoxophyes honmai JHE(AhJHE) and the minimal identity of 25.81% with Aedes aegypti JHE(AaJHE).CpJHE-like exhibited all the seven typical motifs of the functional JHEs and had the highly consistent tertiary structure with Manduca sexta JHE(MsJHE).Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CpJHE-like was close to two JHEs from the family Tortricidae.The CpJHE-like transcript level take a leap in the 3-day-old fifth instar larva,increased about 300-fold compared to the basal level.Tissue-specific expression profile showed that the CpJHE-like transcript was expressed mainly in the fat body.This study indicates that the CpJHE-like is the functional JHE,which may play vital roles in the development and reproduction of C.pomonella.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1200600 and 2016YFC1200602)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (caascx-2017-2021-IAS)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program, China (KQTD20180411143628272)。
文摘Invasive alien species(IAS) are species whose introduction to areas outside of their native range cause harm to economics, biodiversity, and the environment. Understanding the genetic basis of invasiveness is critical for preventing invasion by an alien species and managing IAS with eco-friendly control methods. In addition, uncovering the genomic features of IAS is essential for accurately predicting invasiveness. However, even though increasing efforts have been devoted to sequencing the genomes of IAS, there is still not an integrated genome database for the invasive biology community. Here, we first determined a list of invasive plants and animals by mining references and databases. Then, we retrieved the genomic and gene data of these IAS, and constructed a database, Invasion DB. Invasion DB encompasses 131 IAS genomes, 76 annotated IAS assemblies, and links these data to conventional functions such as searching for gene coding sequences and Pfam, KEGG, NR annotations, BLAST server, JBrowse, and downloads services. Next, we analyzed 19 invasivenessrelated gene families which confer invasiveness in insects. To study the roles of noncoding RNA in invasiveness, we also annotated 135 494 mi RNAs, 89 294 r RNAs, and 2 671 941 t RNAs from these IAS. In summary, Invasion DB is useful for studying the invasiveness at the genomic level, and thus helps to develop novel management strategies to control IAS.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1200600)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution,China(Y2018LM22)
文摘1. IAS1000 Project The rapid development of omics provides new technologies andmethodologiesforthestudyofinvasionbiology.Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (CAAS-AGIS)andInstituteofPlantProtection,ChineseAcademyof AgriculturalSciences(CAAS-IPP)initiatedthe"IAS1000Project"-A genome project of 1 000 invasive alien species,and established the "IAS1000 Alliance" in Shenzhen, China,on November 14, 2018.Via deep-mining of omics data,theprojectaimsforbetterunderstandingtheecological processesandmolecularmechanismsofbiological invasion, and developing new technologies and products for prevention and management of invasive alien species.Up