锌硒配施对水稻汞的阻隔效应

【目的】研究锌硒配施对土壤-水稻体系中水稻富集转运汞的影响,探讨锌硒配施对水稻汞的阻隔效应,为汞污染土壤安全利用提供参考。【方法】选取贵州铜仁碧江区某矿区汞污染土壤,以水稻品种川康优727为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,测定水稻生长发育特征以及土壤有效汞和水稻各器官汞含量。【结果】锌硒配施使土壤中有效汞含量显著降低了45%-75.2%,低浓度硒与锌配施使土壤有效汞含量降低75.2%;锌硒配施使水稻各器官汞降低了15.2%-92.3%,其中,籽粒汞含量的降幅效果最好(87.6%-92.3%)。除高浓度硒和高低浓度锌配施促进了水稻汞从根到籽粒转运外,锌硒配施对水稻富集与转运汞的阻隔效果均优于锌、硒单施,锌硒配施使水稻汞从根到籽粒的富集系数降低了88%-92%,低浓度硒与高低浓度锌配施对水稻汞从根到籽粒的转运系数分别降低了69.2%和61.5%。【结论】锌硒配施对水稻汞的阻隔效应显著,有效缓解了汞对水稻生长发育的毒害作用。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测洛党参中乙基多杀菌素残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)快速检测洛党参中乙基多杀菌素-J(XDE-175-J)和乙基多杀菌素-L(XDE-175-L)残留的方法。样品经乙腈提取,乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷和石墨化炭黑净化后,外标法定量。结果表明,XDE-175-J和XDE-175-L的峰面积与其质量浓度分别在0.075~75μg/L和0.025~25μg/L范围内,呈良好线性关系(r2>0.990);在0.375、3.75、75μg/kg加标水平下,XDE-175-J的平均回收率为88.4%~113.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为2.0%~4.2%;在0.125、1.25、25μg/kg加标水平下,XDE-175-L的平均回收率为84.4%~99.5%,RSD(n=5)为2.5%~4.9%。乙基多杀菌素的定量下限(LOQ)为0.375μg/kg(XDE-175-J)和0.125μg/kg(XDE-175-L)。该方法简便、快捷,灵敏度高,回收率和重复性良好,能满足农药残留检测技术要求,可用于大量洛党参样品中乙基多杀菌素的残留分析。

剑河县水田及旱地土壤重金属污染特征与评价

探讨剑河县内某水田及旱地土壤中重金属对人体健康影响程度。通过对两种不同用地土壤中重金属测定值与贵州省重金属背景值进行比较,采用改进灰色聚类法对水田及旱地土壤中重金属污染进行评价,并利用健康风险评价探讨两种用地土壤中重金属对附近人群健康影响程度。结果显示,与贵州省土壤背景值相比,水田及旱地土壤中重金属存在超标现象,较为严重的分别是Pb和As。与国家标准GB15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》相比较,水田土壤重金属符合1级,旱地土壤重金属符合2级。水田及旱地土壤重金属对儿童威胁较大,前者总非致癌风险顺序为As>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>Zn>Cu,后者则是As>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cu>Zn>Cd。改进灰色聚类法评价的结果显示,水田土壤无明显重金属污染,旱地土壤重金属属于轻度污染。手—口途径是土壤重金属为最主要的暴露途径,儿童因土壤重金属摄入而带来的健康风险均高于成年人,应给予儿童群体更多的关注。

Soil heavy metal(loid)s and risk assessment in vicinity of a coal mining area from southwest Guizhou, China

Total concentrations of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, chromium, and copper in the soils from near a coal mine area in southwest Guizhou, China, were measured to evaluate the level of contamination, and the potential ecological risks posed by the heavy metals were quantitatively estimated. Results reveal that all heavy metals/metalloid exceeded the background values for soil environmental quality of heavy metals in Guizhou area. Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)) showed that arsenic had the highest contamination level(I_(geo)=4) among the seven heavy metals/metalloid, and the contamination levels of mercury and lead were also relatively high(I_(geo)=3). Pearson correlation and cluster analysis identified that mercury, copper and arsenic had a relationship, and their presence might be mainly related to mining activity, coal and oil combustion, and vehicle emissions. Improved Nemerow index indicated that the overall level of heavy metal contamination in the studied area ranged from moderately–heavily contaminated to heavily contaminated level. Potential ecological risk index(R_I) analysis manifested that the whole ecological risk level ranged from high degree to very high degree(325.30≤R_I≤801.02) in the studied soil samples, and the potential ecological risk factors (E_r^i) of heavy metals/metalloid were as follows: Hg > As > Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr, and the E_r^i of Hg and As reached very high risk grade.

钝化剂对污染土壤汞钝化效果及辣椒吸收汞的影响

【目的】探究三种钝化剂(碳酸钙、氧化钙和硅酸钙)对污染土壤汞(Hg)的钝化效果及辣椒吸收汞的影响。【方法】以贵州万山汞矿区汞污染耕地土壤为研究对象,以碳酸钙、氧化钙和硅酸钙为钝化材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究三种钝化剂对土壤pH、汞化学形态和有效汞变化的影响,同时考查在外源钝化剂的驱动下,辣椒植株汞含量和汞转运系数的变化特征。【结果】碳酸钙、氧化钙和硅酸钙的施用分别使土壤pH提高0.74~2.28、2.11~5.24和1.79~2.62个单位,土壤活性态汞含量显著降低,残渣态汞含量显著升高,有效汞含量显著降低,且施加0.1%的氧化钙对土壤有效汞降低效果最佳。三种钝化剂均可使辣椒根、茎和果实汞含量降低,且随着钝化剂施加量的增加而降低,其中氧化钙对辣椒根部汞含量降低效果最好。三种钝化剂对辣椒植株各组织汞转运的影响存在差异,施用三种钝化剂均可促进辣椒根中汞向茎和叶中转运,但抑制辣椒根中汞向果实转运。【结论】三种钝化剂均可作为汞污染土壤的钝化修复材料,且均显著抑制辣椒吸收汞,其中,0.1%的氧化钙对土壤汞的钝化修复效果更好,值得推广应用。