Estrogen Receptor α and β Expressions in Hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary Axis in Rats Exposed Lactationally to Soy Isoflavones and Bisphenol A

Objectives This paper aims to investigate the uterotrophic activities of lactational exposure to combination of soy isoflavones （SIF） and bisphenol A （BPA） and to examine estrogen receptor α （ERα） and estrogen receptor β （ERβ） expressions in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis and uterus.Methods Maternal rats that were breeding about 8 litters were randomly divided into four groups with seven dams in each group.Dams in different treatment groups received corn oil （control）,150 mg/kg BW of SIF,150 mg/kg BW of BPA or combination of 150 mg/kg BW of SIF and 150 mg/kg BW of BPA,respectively,from postnatal day 5 to 11 （PND5-11） by gavage.On PND12 and PND70,10 female litters were killed and hypothalamus,pituitary,ovary and uterus were collected.ERα and ERβ expressions in these organs were detected with Western blotting assay.And vaginal opening time and estrus cycle were examined in animals fed for PND70.Results On PND12,the relative uterine weight of rats treated with ISF or BPA or their combination was significantly higher than that of untreated rats （P〈0.05）.But the relative uterine weight of rats in the co-exposure group was slightly lower than that in the group only exposed to SIF or BPA.On PND 70,however,the relative uterine weight in each treatment group was not statistically different from that in the control group （P〈0.05）.Vaginal opening time and estrus cycle in groups treated with SIF or BPA or their combination were similar to those in the control group （P〈0.05）.Exposure to SIF or BPA or their combination could up-regulate or down-regulate ERα and ERβ expressions in hypothalamus,pituitary,ovary and uterus on PND12 and PND70.These regulation patterns for ERα and ERβ were different in different organs at different time points.Conclusion Lactational exposure to ISF or BPA or their combination could induce uterotrophic responses in neonate rats,which disappeared in later life.But these data fail to suggest a possibility for synergic actions between SIF and BPA.It was also demonstrated that the uterotrophic effects of SIF and BPA exposure might,at least,involve modification of ERα or ERβ expressions in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis.

Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in China:lessons from the past three decades

In the past 37 years,human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)has undergone various major transmission routes in China,with the world most complex co-circulating HIV-1 subtypes,even the prevalence is still low.In response to the first epidemic outbreak of HIV in injecting drug users and the second one by illegal commercial blood collection,China issued the Anti-Drug Law and launched the Blood Donation Act and nationwide nucleic acid testing,which has avoided 98,232 to 211,200 estimated infections and almost ended the blood product-related infection.China has been providing free antiretroviral therapy(ART)since 2003,which covered>80%of the identified patients and achieved a viral suppression rate of 91%.To bend the curve of increasing the disease burden of HIV and finally end the epidemic,China should consider constraining HIV spread through sexual transmission,narrowing the gaps in identifying HIV cases,and the long-term effectiveness and safety of ART in the future.