Algal blooms caused by Prorocentrum donghaiense occurred frequently in the East China Sea （ECS） during spring in recent years. In this study, a coupled biophysical model was used to hindcast a massive P. donghaiense...Algal blooms caused by Prorocentrum donghaiense occurred frequently in the East China Sea （ECS） during spring in recent years. In this study, a coupled biophysical model was used to hindcast a massive P. donghaiense bloom that occurred in 2005 and to determine the factors influencing bloom initiation and development. The model comprised the Regional Ocean Modeling System tailored for the ECS that utilized a multi-nested configuration and a population dynamics model for 19. donghaiense. Comparisons between simulations and observations revealed that the biological model is capable of reproducing the characteristics of 19. donghaiense growth under different irradiances and phosphorus limitation scenarios. The variation of intracellular phosphorus and the effects of 19. donghaiense on ambient nutrients conditions were also reproduced. The biophysical model hindcasted the hydrodynamics and spatiotemporal distributions of the P. donghaiense bloom reasonably well. Bloom development was consistent with observations reported in earlier studies. The results demonstrate the capability of the model in capturing subsurface incubation during bloom initiation. Then model＇s hindcast solutions were further used to diagnose the factors controlling the vertical distribution. Phosphate appeared to be one of the factors controlling the subsurface incubation, whereas surface wind fields played an important role in determining P. donghaiense distribution. The results highlight the importance of nutrient-limitation as a mechanism in the formation of P. donghaiense subsurface layers and the dispersing of P. donghaiense blooms. This coupled biophysical model should be improved and used to investigate 19. donghaiense blooms occurring in different scenarios.展开更多
When measuring reflectance spectra, it is very important to accurately extract chlorophyll fluorescence from elastic-scattering light in water-leaving radiance. The elastic scattering of light by water particles produ...When measuring reflectance spectra, it is very important to accurately extract chlorophyll fluorescence from elastic-scattering light in water-leaving radiance. The elastic scattering of light by water particles produces partially polarized light. In contrast, chlorophyll fluorescence in planktonic algae yields completely unpolarized light. These properties can be used to separate fluorescent signals from the water-leaving radiance and thus to determine chlorophyll concentration. The algal species Aureococcus anophagefferens was used to conduct a laboratory polarization experiment. For the tests, we used a field spectroradiometer and a polarizer; measurements were collected using two different observation modes. The chlorophyll fluorescence curve extracted through polarization shows an excellent match with the results obtained using the fluorospectro photometer for both measurement modes, suggesting that polarization-based chlorophyll fluorescence extraction may be feasible. The extracted fluorescence is more reliable at incident zenith angles ranging from 30? to 60?. For algae-containing water, the results improve with increasing chlorophyll concentration. This method could help improve chlorophyll concentration measurement and the remote-sensing detection of resulting harmful algae blooms.展开更多
In the East China Sea(ECS), the succession of causative species responsible for blooms is a recurrent phenomenon during the spring, which changes from diatoms to dinoflagellates. Observations from space and in situ cr...In the East China Sea(ECS), the succession of causative species responsible for blooms is a recurrent phenomenon during the spring, which changes from diatoms to dinoflagellates. Observations from space and in situ cruises captured this pattern of succession during spring of 2005. In this study, we coupled two biological models, which were developed previously for Skeletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense,into a circulation model tailored for the ECS. The coupled biophysical model was used to hindcast the blooms and to test the hypothesis proposed in earlier studies that phosphate(PO4 3–) is the first-order decider of the succession. The coupled model successfully reproduced the hydrodynamics(as described in a companion paper by Sun et al.(1), the spatiotemporal distribution of the chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentration, and the species succession reasonably well. By analyzing the effects of different factors on the surface Chl a distribution, we confirmed that the offshore boundaries of the blooms were confined by PO4 3–. In addition, we suggest that surface wind fields may modulate the horizontal distribution of blooms. Thus, during the dispersal of blooms, surface winds coupled with PO4 3– may control the succession of blooms in the ECS. The proposed coupled model provides a benchmark to facilitate future improvements by including more size classes for organisms, multiple nutrient schemes, and additional processes.展开更多
色匹配函数通过构建地物反射光的光谱分布与颜色三刺激值的关系可将任意波段的信息映射到三原色基准值上,经过色彩空间的转换后重建多光谱遥感影像。针对大多数多光谱传感器在可见光内波段数量有限、波段通道较窄且波段间隔不均匀,直接...色匹配函数通过构建地物反射光的光谱分布与颜色三刺激值的关系可将任意波段的信息映射到三原色基准值上,经过色彩空间的转换后重建多光谱遥感影像。针对大多数多光谱传感器在可见光内波段数量有限、波段通道较窄且波段间隔不均匀,直接在相邻波段间插值会使色匹配积分过程出现较大误差的问题,结合遥感数据的模拟和反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络,以可见光范围内通道设置丰富的近岸高光谱水色成像仪(Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean,HICO)经色匹配函数和色彩空间转换后得到的R、G、B三刺激值作为网络输出值,其波段重建后得到的目标传感器的模拟波段作为输入值,训练得到适用于Landsat-8 OLI、Terra MODIS、Himawari-8 AHI传感器的真彩色影像合成模型。计算均值、标准差、平均梯度和信息熵这4类客观评价参数,并结合对真彩色影像和直方图的主观分析,结果表明该方法能丰富和扩展有限的波段信息,提高影像的清晰度、色彩饱和度以及包含的信息量,校正了三波段合成影像存在的色偏,解决了在原始数据波段数受限的情况下通过简单插补波段带入色匹配函数进行积分计算产成误差的问题。展开更多
结合GOCI(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager)传感器的波段特征,基于缨帽变换方法设计了一种简单有效的绿潮指数(TCT-GTI)算法。结合目视判断的绿潮识别结果,将TCT-GTI算法与两种已有的遥感算法(AFAI和IGAG算法)监测结果进行对比发现,TC...结合GOCI(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager)传感器的波段特征,基于缨帽变换方法设计了一种简单有效的绿潮指数(TCT-GTI)算法。结合目视判断的绿潮识别结果,将TCT-GTI算法与两种已有的遥感算法(AFAI和IGAG算法)监测结果进行对比发现,TCT-GTI算法的绿潮遥感监测结果精度较高,具有较高的可信度。将TCT-GTI算法应用到2017年多景GOCI影像,对中国黄海海域绿潮信息进行提取,同时分析绿潮覆盖面积的日变化特征,研究2017年绿潮暴发事件的漂移轨迹。研究结果表明,绿潮覆盖面积在中午12:00达到最大,这可能是光合作用等因素的影响。2017年,绿潮暴发事件经历了西北至东北的漂移路径,由江苏盐城外海海域向西北方向漂移至南黄海东部,然后继续向东北方向移动,抵达山东半岛南岸,逐渐消亡。展开更多
A Lagrangian model is used to evaluate source regions of particles collected in the sediment traps at the DYFAMED(Dynamique des Flux Atmosphériques en Méditerranée) station by tracking particles backwar...A Lagrangian model is used to evaluate source regions of particles collected in the sediment traps at the DYFAMED(Dynamique des Flux Atmosphériques en Méditerranée) station by tracking particles backwards from March 1 to August 31, 2001. The analysis suggests that source regions depend on the flow fields, the settling speed of the particles, and the deployment depths of the traps. Monthly variation is observed in the distribution patterns of source regions, which is caused by the currents. The source regions are located around the traps and up to hundreds of kilometers away. As the settling speed increases with the particle diameters, the distance to the source regions decreases. The vertical flux can be approximately estimated in 1D for the particles with diameters larger than 500 μm. Furthermore, traps moored at various depths at the DYFAMED can collect particles that originated from different regions in the Ligurian Sea.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under contract Nos 41276186,41506015 and 41606038the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers under contract No.U1606405the Postdoctoral Innovation Foundation of Shandong Province under contract No.201502031
文摘Algal blooms caused by Prorocentrum donghaiense occurred frequently in the East China Sea （ECS） during spring in recent years. In this study, a coupled biophysical model was used to hindcast a massive P. donghaiense bloom that occurred in 2005 and to determine the factors influencing bloom initiation and development. The model comprised the Regional Ocean Modeling System tailored for the ECS that utilized a multi-nested configuration and a population dynamics model for 19. donghaiense. Comparisons between simulations and observations revealed that the biological model is capable of reproducing the characteristics of 19. donghaiense growth under different irradiances and phosphorus limitation scenarios. The variation of intracellular phosphorus and the effects of 19. donghaiense on ambient nutrients conditions were also reproduced. The biophysical model hindcasted the hydrodynamics and spatiotemporal distributions of the P. donghaiense bloom reasonably well. Bloom development was consistent with observations reported in earlier studies. The results demonstrate the capability of the model in capturing subsurface incubation during bloom initiation. Then model＇s hindcast solutions were further used to diagnose the factors controlling the vertical distribution. Phosphate appeared to be one of the factors controlling the subsurface incubation, whereas surface wind fields played an important role in determining P. donghaiense distribution. The results highlight the importance of nutrient-limitation as a mechanism in the formation of P. donghaiense subsurface layers and the dispersing of P. donghaiense blooms. This coupled biophysical model should be improved and used to investigate 19. donghaiense blooms occurring in different scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41406199,41506197)the Program Foundation of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (No.KHYS1301)+1 种基金the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Liaoning Province (No.201501190)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.3132015081)
文摘When measuring reflectance spectra, it is very important to accurately extract chlorophyll fluorescence from elastic-scattering light in water-leaving radiance. The elastic scattering of light by water particles produces partially polarized light. In contrast, chlorophyll fluorescence in planktonic algae yields completely unpolarized light. These properties can be used to separate fluorescent signals from the water-leaving radiance and thus to determine chlorophyll concentration. The algal species Aureococcus anophagefferens was used to conduct a laboratory polarization experiment. For the tests, we used a field spectroradiometer and a polarizer; measurements were collected using two different observation modes. The chlorophyll fluorescence curve extracted through polarization shows an excellent match with the results obtained using the fluorospectro photometer for both measurement modes, suggesting that polarization-based chlorophyll fluorescence extraction may be feasible. The extracted fluorescence is more reliable at incident zenith angles ranging from 30? to 60?. For algae-containing water, the results improve with increasing chlorophyll concentration. This method could help improve chlorophyll concentration measurement and the remote-sensing detection of resulting harmful algae blooms.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41276186,41506015 and 41606038the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers under contract No.U1406404the Postdoctoral Innovation Foundation of Shandong Province under contract No.201502031
文摘In the East China Sea(ECS), the succession of causative species responsible for blooms is a recurrent phenomenon during the spring, which changes from diatoms to dinoflagellates. Observations from space and in situ cruises captured this pattern of succession during spring of 2005. In this study, we coupled two biological models, which were developed previously for Skeletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense,into a circulation model tailored for the ECS. The coupled biophysical model was used to hindcast the blooms and to test the hypothesis proposed in earlier studies that phosphate(PO4 3–) is the first-order decider of the succession. The coupled model successfully reproduced the hydrodynamics(as described in a companion paper by Sun et al.(1), the spatiotemporal distribution of the chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentration, and the species succession reasonably well. By analyzing the effects of different factors on the surface Chl a distribution, we confirmed that the offshore boundaries of the blooms were confined by PO4 3–. In addition, we suggest that surface wind fields may modulate the horizontal distribution of blooms. Thus, during the dispersal of blooms, surface winds coupled with PO4 3– may control the succession of blooms in the ECS. The proposed coupled model provides a benchmark to facilitate future improvements by including more size classes for organisms, multiple nutrient schemes, and additional processes.
文摘色匹配函数通过构建地物反射光的光谱分布与颜色三刺激值的关系可将任意波段的信息映射到三原色基准值上,经过色彩空间的转换后重建多光谱遥感影像。针对大多数多光谱传感器在可见光内波段数量有限、波段通道较窄且波段间隔不均匀,直接在相邻波段间插值会使色匹配积分过程出现较大误差的问题,结合遥感数据的模拟和反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络,以可见光范围内通道设置丰富的近岸高光谱水色成像仪(Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean,HICO)经色匹配函数和色彩空间转换后得到的R、G、B三刺激值作为网络输出值,其波段重建后得到的目标传感器的模拟波段作为输入值,训练得到适用于Landsat-8 OLI、Terra MODIS、Himawari-8 AHI传感器的真彩色影像合成模型。计算均值、标准差、平均梯度和信息熵这4类客观评价参数,并结合对真彩色影像和直方图的主观分析,结果表明该方法能丰富和扩展有限的波段信息,提高影像的清晰度、色彩饱和度以及包含的信息量,校正了三波段合成影像存在的色偏,解决了在原始数据波段数受限的情况下通过简单插补波段带入色匹配函数进行积分计算产成误差的问题。
文摘结合GOCI(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager)传感器的波段特征,基于缨帽变换方法设计了一种简单有效的绿潮指数(TCT-GTI)算法。结合目视判断的绿潮识别结果,将TCT-GTI算法与两种已有的遥感算法(AFAI和IGAG算法)监测结果进行对比发现,TCT-GTI算法的绿潮遥感监测结果精度较高,具有较高的可信度。将TCT-GTI算法应用到2017年多景GOCI影像,对中国黄海海域绿潮信息进行提取,同时分析绿潮覆盖面积的日变化特征,研究2017年绿潮暴发事件的漂移轨迹。研究结果表明,绿潮覆盖面积在中午12:00达到最大,这可能是光合作用等因素的影响。2017年,绿潮暴发事件经历了西北至东北的漂移路径,由江苏盐城外海海域向西北方向漂移至南黄海东部,然后继续向东北方向移动,抵达山东半岛南岸,逐渐消亡。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40821004)Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean(Grant No.201005030)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41276186)the Program of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology(Grant No.S8111005001)
文摘A Lagrangian model is used to evaluate source regions of particles collected in the sediment traps at the DYFAMED(Dynamique des Flux Atmosphériques en Méditerranée) station by tracking particles backwards from March 1 to August 31, 2001. The analysis suggests that source regions depend on the flow fields, the settling speed of the particles, and the deployment depths of the traps. Monthly variation is observed in the distribution patterns of source regions, which is caused by the currents. The source regions are located around the traps and up to hundreds of kilometers away. As the settling speed increases with the particle diameters, the distance to the source regions decreases. The vertical flux can be approximately estimated in 1D for the particles with diameters larger than 500 μm. Furthermore, traps moored at various depths at the DYFAMED can collect particles that originated from different regions in the Ligurian Sea.
