目的构建用于预测食管癌患者术后远期生存的列线图。方法从监测、流行病学和最终结果(SEER)数据库中确定了2004~2016年7215例食管癌患者。使用自助重抽样方法,共有5052名患者被分配到训练队列,其余2163名患者被分配到内部验证队列,同时...目的构建用于预测食管癌患者术后远期生存的列线图。方法从监测、流行病学和最终结果(SEER)数据库中确定了2004~2016年7215例食管癌患者。使用自助重抽样方法,共有5052名患者被分配到训练队列,其余2163名患者被分配到内部验证队列,同时纳入2014~2016年就诊于东部战区总医院心胸外科的435名食管癌患者进行外部验证。结果在整个队列中,1年、3年、5年的癌症特异性死亡率分别为14.6%、35.7%、41.6%。多因素Cox分析显示年龄(≥80岁vs<50岁,P<0.001)、性别(男vs女,P<0.001)、肿瘤部位(下段vs中段,P=0.013)、病理分期(腺癌vs鳞癌,P=0.012),分化程度(差分化vs分化良好,P<0.001),TNM分期(IV vs I,P<0.001),肿瘤大小(>50 mm vs 0~20 mm,P<0.001),化疗(是vs否,P<0.001),淋巴结比率(>0.25 vs 0,P<0.001)是食管癌患者术后远期生存的独立危险因素,并基于该模型构建了列线图,用于预测患者术后1年、3年、5年的存活概率。在训练队列中,用于预测总生存率(OS)和癌症特异性生存率(CSS)的列线图C指数分别为0.726(95%CI:0.714-0.738)和0.735(95%CI:0.727-0.743)。列线图在内部验证队列和外部验证队列中得到了很好的验证,内部验证队列中预测OS和CSS的C指数分别为0.752(95%CI:0.738-0.765)和0.804(95%CI:0.790-0.817),外部验证队列中预测OS和CSS的C指数分别为0.749(95%CI:0.736-0.767)和0.788(95%CI:0.751-0.808)。根据ROC曲线下面积(AUC),在预测食管癌远期预后中,该列线图显示出比肿瘤淋巴结转移(TNM)分期系统更高的敏感性。结论构建的临床预测模型有较高的预测效能,能够有助于鉴别术后高危食管癌患者,可以作为TNM分期系统的补充。展开更多
Yeast Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 was developed through adaptation fermentation step by step in steam exploded corn stover prehydrolyzate because high concentration of weak acids and other inhibitors present in the prehy...Yeast Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 was developed through adaptation fermentation step by step in steam exploded corn stover prehydrolyzate because high concentration of weak acids and other inhibitors present in the prehydrolyzate could degrade the fermentability. However, the adaptability of Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 in the prehydrolyzate was so limited that steam strip-ping and overliming were applied to remove these inhibitors from it. Corn stover was steam exploded;the filtrate of steam exploded corn stover was hydrolyzed with dilute sulfuric acid, and then the acid hydrolyzate was detoxified and fermented by Pichia stipitis CBS 5776. Steam stripping could remove volatile com-pounds from the acid hydrolyzate and the fil-trate. At a steam stripping time of 120min, 81% acetic acid and 59% formic acid were removed from the acid hydrolyzate, 77% acetic acid and 45% formic acid were removed from the filtrate, while furfural was stripped off completely from the acid hydrolyzate and the filtrate. Overliming could reduce the contents of furfural and phe-nolics present in the acid hydrolyzate, however, sugars, especially pentoses, were also removed partially. It was necessary to detoxify the acid hydrolyzate in order to ferment the sugars to ethanol. Acid hydrolyzate detoxified with a combination of steam stripping for 120 min and overliming at pH11 and 60℃ for 90 min, its fer-mentability was significantly improved. Xylose was consumed nearly completely in 24h with an ethanol yield of 15.92g/l, 80.34% of theoretical.展开更多
Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource on earth.However,owing to the tightly entangled structural characteristics,it is challenging to convert lignocellulose into bio-based products in the biorefinery ...Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource on earth.However,owing to the tightly entangled structural characteristics,it is challenging to convert lignocellulose into bio-based products in the biorefinery process without pretreatment.Pretreatment can destroy the natural resistance structure of lignocellulosic biomass,which is conducive to its downstream enzymatic saccharification and fermentation process.Physical,chemical,and physicochemical pretreatments have been widely conducted for lignocellulosic biomass;several updated approaches and peculiar chemicals have also been proposed for these pretreatment methods in the recent years.Hence,this study comprehensively reviews the novel technologies and chemicals that were applied in the various pretreatments.In addition,the mechanisms,advantages,and disadvantages of the updated pretreatments are discussed to provide a reference for developing new pretreatment methods.展开更多
Lignin exhibits antioxidative and various other biological properties.However,its neuroprotection capability has rarely been studied.In this study,three types of lignin with different structures were prepared from gra...Lignin exhibits antioxidative and various other biological properties.However,its neuroprotection capability has rarely been studied.In this study,three types of lignin with different structures were prepared from grape seeds by using different isolation techniques.The antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of the lignin fractions were evaluated with the apoptosis model of murine neuroectodermal(NE-4C)neural stem cells stimulated with bisphenol AF.The results demonstrated that the half maximal inhibitory concentration for scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl with water-soluble lignin(L-W,58.19μg·mL^(–1))was lower than those of lignin in the autohydrolyzed residue of grape seeds(84.27μg·mL^(–1))and original lignin in grape seeds(99.44μg·mL^(–1)).BPAF exposure had negative effects on the reactive oxygen species,malondialdehyde content,and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in NE-4C cells,which can be reversed by using the prepared lignin to reduce oxidative stress.An immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that grape seed lignin induced protective effects on BPAF-injured NE-4C cells via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related Factor 2 pathway.In addition,correlational analyses showed that lignin(L-W)with lower molecular weights and noncondensed phenolic hydroxyl group content and higher contents of COOH groups effectively prevented cell apoptosis,scavenged reactive oxygen species,and ensured protection from nerve injury.This study demonstrated that grape seed lignin can be used as a neuroprotective agent and serves as a demonstration of active lignin production from grape seed waste.展开更多
Background： Previous data are controversial about the association of renal artery stenosis （RAS） with clinical outcome in patients with heart failure. Definition of RAS in previous studies might not be appropriate....Background： Previous data are controversial about the association of renal artery stenosis （RAS） with clinical outcome in patients with heart failure. Definition of RAS in previous studies might not be appropriate. By definition of RAS with renal duplex sonography, we investigated the association of RAS with clinical outcome in patients with heart failure. Methods： In this retrospective study, we identified 164 patients with heart failure （New York Heart Association classification ≥11; left ventricular ejection fraction 〈50%） who had received renal duplex sonography during hospital stay. RAS was defined as renal-aortic ratio 〉3.5 or a peak systolic velocity ≥200 cm/s （or both）, or occlusion of the renal artery. Categorical data of patients were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher＇s exact test. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling technique was used to investigate the prognostic significance of possible predictors. Results： Finally, 143 patients were enrolled, Median follow-up time was 32 months （1-53 months）. Twenty-two patients were diagnosed as RAS by renal duplex sonography, including 13 unilateral RAS （3 left RAS, l0 right RAS） and 9 bilateral RAS. There were more all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in patients with RAS than patients without RAS. By multivariate analysis, RAS was a significant predictor for all-cause death and cardiovascular death （hazard ratio [HR] = 4.155, 95% confidence interval [（7/]： 1.546-1 1. 164, P = 0.005; and MR = 3.483, 95% CI： 1.200-10.104, P = 0.022, respectively）. As for composite endpoint events, including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage, rehospitalization for cardiac failure, and renal replacement therapy, only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker was significant predictor. RAS was not a significant predictor for composite endpoint events. Conclusions： Our data suggested that RAS is associated with a poorer clinical outcome in patients with heart failure.展开更多
文摘目的构建用于预测食管癌患者术后远期生存的列线图。方法从监测、流行病学和最终结果(SEER)数据库中确定了2004~2016年7215例食管癌患者。使用自助重抽样方法,共有5052名患者被分配到训练队列,其余2163名患者被分配到内部验证队列,同时纳入2014~2016年就诊于东部战区总医院心胸外科的435名食管癌患者进行外部验证。结果在整个队列中,1年、3年、5年的癌症特异性死亡率分别为14.6%、35.7%、41.6%。多因素Cox分析显示年龄(≥80岁vs<50岁,P<0.001)、性别(男vs女,P<0.001)、肿瘤部位(下段vs中段,P=0.013)、病理分期(腺癌vs鳞癌,P=0.012),分化程度(差分化vs分化良好,P<0.001),TNM分期(IV vs I,P<0.001),肿瘤大小(>50 mm vs 0~20 mm,P<0.001),化疗(是vs否,P<0.001),淋巴结比率(>0.25 vs 0,P<0.001)是食管癌患者术后远期生存的独立危险因素,并基于该模型构建了列线图,用于预测患者术后1年、3年、5年的存活概率。在训练队列中,用于预测总生存率(OS)和癌症特异性生存率(CSS)的列线图C指数分别为0.726(95%CI:0.714-0.738)和0.735(95%CI:0.727-0.743)。列线图在内部验证队列和外部验证队列中得到了很好的验证,内部验证队列中预测OS和CSS的C指数分别为0.752(95%CI:0.738-0.765)和0.804(95%CI:0.790-0.817),外部验证队列中预测OS和CSS的C指数分别为0.749(95%CI:0.736-0.767)和0.788(95%CI:0.751-0.808)。根据ROC曲线下面积(AUC),在预测食管癌远期预后中,该列线图显示出比肿瘤淋巴结转移(TNM)分期系统更高的敏感性。结论构建的临床预测模型有较高的预测效能,能够有助于鉴别术后高危食管癌患者,可以作为TNM分期系统的补充。
文摘Yeast Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 was developed through adaptation fermentation step by step in steam exploded corn stover prehydrolyzate because high concentration of weak acids and other inhibitors present in the prehydrolyzate could degrade the fermentability. However, the adaptability of Pichia stipitis CBS 5776 in the prehydrolyzate was so limited that steam strip-ping and overliming were applied to remove these inhibitors from it. Corn stover was steam exploded;the filtrate of steam exploded corn stover was hydrolyzed with dilute sulfuric acid, and then the acid hydrolyzate was detoxified and fermented by Pichia stipitis CBS 5776. Steam stripping could remove volatile com-pounds from the acid hydrolyzate and the fil-trate. At a steam stripping time of 120min, 81% acetic acid and 59% formic acid were removed from the acid hydrolyzate, 77% acetic acid and 45% formic acid were removed from the filtrate, while furfural was stripped off completely from the acid hydrolyzate and the filtrate. Overliming could reduce the contents of furfural and phe-nolics present in the acid hydrolyzate, however, sugars, especially pentoses, were also removed partially. It was necessary to detoxify the acid hydrolyzate in order to ferment the sugars to ethanol. Acid hydrolyzate detoxified with a combination of steam stripping for 120 min and overliming at pH11 and 60℃ for 90 min, its fer-mentability was significantly improved. Xylose was consumed nearly completely in 24h with an ethanol yield of 15.92g/l, 80.34% of theoretical.
基金This work was sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20180772)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800501)Qing Lan Project.
文摘Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource on earth.However,owing to the tightly entangled structural characteristics,it is challenging to convert lignocellulose into bio-based products in the biorefinery process without pretreatment.Pretreatment can destroy the natural resistance structure of lignocellulosic biomass,which is conducive to its downstream enzymatic saccharification and fermentation process.Physical,chemical,and physicochemical pretreatments have been widely conducted for lignocellulosic biomass;several updated approaches and peculiar chemicals have also been proposed for these pretreatment methods in the recent years.Hence,this study comprehensively reviews the novel technologies and chemicals that were applied in the various pretreatments.In addition,the mechanisms,advantages,and disadvantages of the updated pretreatments are discussed to provide a reference for developing new pretreatment methods.
基金This work was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Youth(Grant No.81901873)the Jiangsu Qing Lan Project(for Dr.Caoxing Huang)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(for Dr.Caoxing Huang).
文摘Lignin exhibits antioxidative and various other biological properties.However,its neuroprotection capability has rarely been studied.In this study,three types of lignin with different structures were prepared from grape seeds by using different isolation techniques.The antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of the lignin fractions were evaluated with the apoptosis model of murine neuroectodermal(NE-4C)neural stem cells stimulated with bisphenol AF.The results demonstrated that the half maximal inhibitory concentration for scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl with water-soluble lignin(L-W,58.19μg·mL^(–1))was lower than those of lignin in the autohydrolyzed residue of grape seeds(84.27μg·mL^(–1))and original lignin in grape seeds(99.44μg·mL^(–1)).BPAF exposure had negative effects on the reactive oxygen species,malondialdehyde content,and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in NE-4C cells,which can be reversed by using the prepared lignin to reduce oxidative stress.An immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that grape seed lignin induced protective effects on BPAF-injured NE-4C cells via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related Factor 2 pathway.In addition,correlational analyses showed that lignin(L-W)with lower molecular weights and noncondensed phenolic hydroxyl group content and higher contents of COOH groups effectively prevented cell apoptosis,scavenged reactive oxygen species,and ensured protection from nerve injury.This study demonstrated that grape seed lignin can be used as a neuroprotective agent and serves as a demonstration of active lignin production from grape seed waste.
文摘Background： Previous data are controversial about the association of renal artery stenosis （RAS） with clinical outcome in patients with heart failure. Definition of RAS in previous studies might not be appropriate. By definition of RAS with renal duplex sonography, we investigated the association of RAS with clinical outcome in patients with heart failure. Methods： In this retrospective study, we identified 164 patients with heart failure （New York Heart Association classification ≥11; left ventricular ejection fraction 〈50%） who had received renal duplex sonography during hospital stay. RAS was defined as renal-aortic ratio 〉3.5 or a peak systolic velocity ≥200 cm/s （or both）, or occlusion of the renal artery. Categorical data of patients were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher＇s exact test. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling technique was used to investigate the prognostic significance of possible predictors. Results： Finally, 143 patients were enrolled, Median follow-up time was 32 months （1-53 months）. Twenty-two patients were diagnosed as RAS by renal duplex sonography, including 13 unilateral RAS （3 left RAS, l0 right RAS） and 9 bilateral RAS. There were more all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in patients with RAS than patients without RAS. By multivariate analysis, RAS was a significant predictor for all-cause death and cardiovascular death （hazard ratio [HR] = 4.155, 95% confidence interval [（7/]： 1.546-1 1. 164, P = 0.005; and MR = 3.483, 95% CI： 1.200-10.104, P = 0.022, respectively）. As for composite endpoint events, including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage, rehospitalization for cardiac failure, and renal replacement therapy, only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker was significant predictor. RAS was not a significant predictor for composite endpoint events. Conclusions： Our data suggested that RAS is associated with a poorer clinical outcome in patients with heart failure.
