Enantioselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted allenes via addition/arylation tandem reaction of 2-activated 1,3-enynes

We report the development of a new class of multifunctional chiral guanidine/Pd(0)catalyst system for 1,4-addition/arylation tandem reaction.A variety of tetra-substituted allenes were readily accessible from three-component“one-pot”transformations of acyclic or cyclic 2-activated 1,3-enynes,malonates and halobenzenes under mild reaction conditions.High levels of yield and enantioselectivity were achieved in the construction of stereogenic center and axis using readily available acyclic guanidineamides.The mechanistic studies suggest that the guanidine/Pd(0)collaboration has obvious synergism to both base-dominated conjugate addition,and Pd(0)-dominated Heck-type reaction.

HBXIP contributes to radioresistance through NF-κB-mediated expression of XIAP in breast cancer

Objective:Hepatitis B X-interacting protein(HBXIP)plays an important role in breast tumorigenesis,tumor growth and metastasis,but its functional contribution in radioresistance remains poorly understood.As radiotherapy served as an essential adjuvant treatment,uncovering the role of HBXIP as well as its downstream molecular XIAP in radioresistance could benefit for the development of individual therapy strategy.Methods:Immunohistochemistry of 42 breast cancer tissue samples and Western blot analysis of proteins from MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to fractioned doses(γ-rays)were used to identify the expression of HBXIP/XIAP in breast cancer.To verify the radioresistance effects and potential mechanism,the cells were treated with designed pCMV and siRNA of targeting genes,and then measured with MTT assay,clonogenic survival assay and flow cytometry.Furthermore,a subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model of breast cancer was established in nude mice to validate the radioresistization effect of HBXIP in vivo.Results:HBXIP and XIAP expression levels in breast cancer tissues were positively correlated with chemoradiotherapy resistance of breast cancer.Overexpression of HBXIP could desensitize MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells to irradiation by inhibiting radiation-induced cell apoptosis,and knockdown of HBXIP in these cells had the converse response.Moreover,up-regulation of HBXIP resulted in the increase of XIAP and NF-κB levels in vitro and in vivo,while down-regulation of HBXIP led to the opposite effects.In addition,inhibition of XIAP and NF-κB abrogated the HBXIP overexpression induced radioresistization and increased cell apoptosis(25.8%augment for siRNA XIAP and 28.1%for NF-κB in MDA-MB-231 cells;25.4%augment for siRNA XIAP and 27.2%for NF–κB in MCF-7 cells).Conclusions:HBXIP enhances radioresistance of human breast cancer cells via upregulating XIAP,and targeting the HBXIP–NF–κB-XIAP pathway may be a potentially effective strategy to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy for human breast cancer.