A mesoscopic model has been established to investigate the thermodynamic mechanisms and densification behavior of nickel-based superalloy during additive manufacturing/three-dimensional(3D) printing(AM/3DP)by numerica...A mesoscopic model has been established to investigate the thermodynamic mechanisms and densification behavior of nickel-based superalloy during additive manufacturing/three-dimensional(3D) printing(AM/3DP)by numerical simulation, using a finite volume method(FVM). The influence of the applied linear energy density(LED) on dimensions of the molten pool, thermodynamic mechanisms within the pool, bubbles migration and resultant densification behavior of AM/3DP-processed superalloy has been discussed. It reveals that the center of the molten pool slightly shifts with a lagging of 4 lm towards the center of the moving laser beam. The Marangoni convection, which has various flow patterns, plays a crucial role in intensifying the convective heat and mass transfer, which is responsible for the bubbles migration and densification behavior of AM/3DP-processed parts. At an optimized LED of 221.5 J/m, the outward convection favors the numerous bubbles to escape from the molten pool easily and the resultant considerably high relative density of 98.9 % is achieved. However, as the applied LED further increases over 249.5 J/m, the convection pattern is apparently intensified with the formation of vortexes and the bubbles tend to be entrapped by the rotating flow within the molten pool, resulting in a large amount of residual porosity and a sharp reduction in densification of the superalloy. The change rules of the relative density and the corresponding distribution of porosity obtained by experiments are in accordance with the simulation results.展开更多
Ti-Mo alloys/composites are expected to be the next-generation implant material with low moduli but without toxic/allergic elements.However,synthesis mechanisms of the Ti-Mo biomaterials in Selective Laser Melting(SLM...Ti-Mo alloys/composites are expected to be the next-generation implant material with low moduli but without toxic/allergic elements.However,synthesis mechanisms of the Ti-Mo biomaterials in Selective Laser Melting(SLM)vary according to raw materials and fundamentally influence material performance,due to inhomogeneous chemical compositions and stability.Therefore,this work provides a comparative study on microstructure,mechanical and wear performance,and underlying thermal mechanisms of two promising Ti-Mo biomaterials prepared by SLM but through different synthesis mechanisms to offer scientific understanding for creation of ideal metal implants.They are(i)Ti-7.5 Mo alloys,prepared from a conventional Ti/Mo powder mixture,and(ii)Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites,in-situ prepared from Ti/Mo_(2)C powder mixture.Results reveal that the in-situ Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites made from Ti/Mo_(2)C powder mixture by SLM can produce 61.4%moreβphase and extra Ti C precipitates(diameter below 229.6 nm)than the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys.The fine Ti C not only contributes to thinner and shorterβcolumnar grains under a large temperature gradient of 51.2 K/μm but also benefits material performance.The in-situ Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites produce higher yield strength(980.1±29.8 MPa)and ultimate compressive strength(1561.4±39 MPa)than the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys,increasing by up to 12.1%.However,the fine Ti C with an aspect ratio of 2.71 dominates an unfavourable rise of elastic modulus to 91.9±2 GPa,44.7%higher than the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys,which,nevertheless,is still lower than the modulus of traditional Ti-6 Al-4 V.While,Ti C and its homogeneous distribution benefit wear resistance,decreasing the wear rate of the in-situ Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites to 6.98×10^(-4)mm^3 N^(-1)m^(-1),which is 36%lower than that of the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys.Therefore,although with higher modulus than the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys,the SLM-fabricated in-situ Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites can expect to provide good biomedical application potential in cases where combined good strength and wear resistance are required.展开更多
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51575267), the National Key Research and Development Program of China "Additive Manufacturing and Laser Manufacturing" (2016YFB1100101), the NSFC-DFG Sino-German Research Project (GZ 1217), the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology of China (BE2016181), and the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (2015ZE52051).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51575267, 51322509)the Top-Notch Young Talents Program of China+9 种基金the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20130035)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-13-0854)the Science and Technology Support Program (the Industrial Part)Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology of China (BE2014009-2)the 333 high-level talents training project (BRA2015368)the Science and Technology Foundation for Selected Overseas Chinese Scholar, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of Chinathe Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (2015ZE52051)the Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund (SAST2015053)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NE2013103, NP2015206 and NZ2016108)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘A mesoscopic model has been established to investigate the thermodynamic mechanisms and densification behavior of nickel-based superalloy during additive manufacturing/three-dimensional(3D) printing(AM/3DP)by numerical simulation, using a finite volume method(FVM). The influence of the applied linear energy density(LED) on dimensions of the molten pool, thermodynamic mechanisms within the pool, bubbles migration and resultant densification behavior of AM/3DP-processed superalloy has been discussed. It reveals that the center of the molten pool slightly shifts with a lagging of 4 lm towards the center of the moving laser beam. The Marangoni convection, which has various flow patterns, plays a crucial role in intensifying the convective heat and mass transfer, which is responsible for the bubbles migration and densification behavior of AM/3DP-processed parts. At an optimized LED of 221.5 J/m, the outward convection favors the numerous bubbles to escape from the molten pool easily and the resultant considerably high relative density of 98.9 % is achieved. However, as the applied LED further increases over 249.5 J/m, the convection pattern is apparently intensified with the formation of vortexes and the bubbles tend to be entrapped by the rotating flow within the molten pool, resulting in a large amount of residual porosity and a sharp reduction in densification of the superalloy. The change rules of the relative density and the corresponding distribution of porosity obtained by experiments are in accordance with the simulation results.
基金the financial support from the China Scholarship Council(No.201806830109)。
文摘Ti-Mo alloys/composites are expected to be the next-generation implant material with low moduli but without toxic/allergic elements.However,synthesis mechanisms of the Ti-Mo biomaterials in Selective Laser Melting(SLM)vary according to raw materials and fundamentally influence material performance,due to inhomogeneous chemical compositions and stability.Therefore,this work provides a comparative study on microstructure,mechanical and wear performance,and underlying thermal mechanisms of two promising Ti-Mo biomaterials prepared by SLM but through different synthesis mechanisms to offer scientific understanding for creation of ideal metal implants.They are(i)Ti-7.5 Mo alloys,prepared from a conventional Ti/Mo powder mixture,and(ii)Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites,in-situ prepared from Ti/Mo_(2)C powder mixture.Results reveal that the in-situ Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites made from Ti/Mo_(2)C powder mixture by SLM can produce 61.4%moreβphase and extra Ti C precipitates(diameter below 229.6 nm)than the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys.The fine Ti C not only contributes to thinner and shorterβcolumnar grains under a large temperature gradient of 51.2 K/μm but also benefits material performance.The in-situ Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites produce higher yield strength(980.1±29.8 MPa)and ultimate compressive strength(1561.4±39 MPa)than the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys,increasing by up to 12.1%.However,the fine Ti C with an aspect ratio of 2.71 dominates an unfavourable rise of elastic modulus to 91.9±2 GPa,44.7%higher than the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys,which,nevertheless,is still lower than the modulus of traditional Ti-6 Al-4 V.While,Ti C and its homogeneous distribution benefit wear resistance,decreasing the wear rate of the in-situ Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites to 6.98×10^(-4)mm^3 N^(-1)m^(-1),which is 36%lower than that of the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys.Therefore,although with higher modulus than the Ti-7.5 Mo alloys,the SLM-fabricated in-situ Ti-7.5 Mo-2.4 Ti C composites can expect to provide good biomedical application potential in cases where combined good strength and wear resistance are required.