Zinc-based flow batteries(ZFBs)have aroused great favor in large-scale energy storage due to the high security and low cost.However,the low areal capacity arising from the limited space for Zn plating hinders the furt...Zinc-based flow batteries(ZFBs)have aroused great favor in large-scale energy storage due to the high security and low cost.However,the low areal capacity arising from the limited space for Zn plating hinders the further development.Herein,a novel carbon felt-Sn-carbon felt sandwich host(CSCH)is designed and constructed.Benefiting from the strong chemical absorption and the dehydration effect on Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)^(2+),the Sn activation layer in the CSCH demonstrates the lowest comprehensive resistance for Zn deposition.Thus,Zn is induced to nucleate preferentially on the Sn activation layer,and grows towards the membrane,regulating the spatial distribution of Zn electrochemical deposits,which remarkably improves the areal capacity and cyclic stability of Zn anode.Consequently,the zinc-bromine flow batteries equipped with CSCH electrodes can achieve the ultra-high areal capacity of 120 mA h cm^(-2)at 80 mA cm^(-2),and run stably for 140 h with average energy efficiency of 80.3%in the extreme condition(80 mA cm^(-2),80 mA h cm^(-2)).This innovative work will inspire future advanced designs for high areal capacity electrodes in ZFBs.展开更多
Fluorescence nanoscopy provides imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction-limited resolution barrier in light microscopy,thereby opening up a new area of research in biomedical imaging in fields such as neurosc...Fluorescence nanoscopy provides imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction-limited resolution barrier in light microscopy,thereby opening up a new area of research in biomedical imaging in fields such as neuroscience.Here,we review the foremost fluorescence nanoscopy techniques,including descriptions of their applications in elucidating protein architectures and mobility,the real-time determination of synaptic parameters involved in neural processes,three-dimensional imaging,and the tracking of nanoscale neural activity.We conclude by discussing the prospects of fluorescence nanoscopy,with a particular focus on its deployment in combination with related techniques(e.g.,machine learning)in neuroscience.展开更多
Objective:This paper aims to study the correlativity between the number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases and seasonal meteorological factors in Beijing.Methods:Based on theory of Human-Environmental Inter Relatio...Objective:This paper aims to study the correlativity between the number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases and seasonal meteorological factors in Beijing.Methods:Based on theory of Human-Environmental Inter Relation in Huangdi's Internal Classics,we adopted monthly cases of PTB in Beijing from 2004 to 2011,and established a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model.Using the cross-correlation function (CCF),we then analyzed the correlation between meteorological factors and number of infected patients.The related meteorological factors were subsequently integrated,to establish a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with explanatory variables (SARIMAX) model,which was used to estimate and verify the number of PTB cases in 2012.Results:In this study,a SARIMA(0,1,1) (0,1,1)12 model was established;CCF analysis was used to reveal the correlativity between PTB and precipitation with 1 lag,relative humidity with 1 lag.Then,integrated with relative humidity with 1 lag (β =2.405,95% confidence interval:0.433-4.377),the SARIMAX prediction model was proved to be an accurate approach for predicting local situations of PTB occurrence.Conclusions:The occurrence of PTB is correlated with seasonal meteorological factors.Combining these factors,an exact prediction model can be established,to estimate of the number of PTB infected patients.展开更多
Researchers at the University of Oxford have introduced a groundbreaking technique called vectorial adaptive optics(V-AO),which extends the capabilities of traditional adaptive optics to correct for both polarization ...Researchers at the University of Oxford have introduced a groundbreaking technique called vectorial adaptive optics(V-AO),which extends the capabilities of traditional adaptive optics to correct for both polarization and phase aberrations.This novel approach opens new possibilities for manipulating the complex vectorial field in optical systems,enabling higher-dimensional feedback correction.展开更多
Integrated study on the tectonic, basin filling and thermal evolution of the Tertiary basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea has indicated that the rift continental margin on the northern South China Sea...Integrated study on the tectonic, basin filling and thermal evolution of the Tertiary basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea has indicated that the rift continental margin on the northern South China Sea is not a passive margin and that the western margin is characteristic of the transformextension. Episodic rifting and the thermal events since 10 Ma in the area have been documented by the integrated analysis of dynamic process. It has been clarified that the tectono-thermal events have exerted a significant influence on basin features and hydrocarbon accumulation, and particularly, the westward collision of the Lusong Island Arc, the generation of densely spaced faults in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, the rapid subsidence, high heat flow and large-scale over pressure and thermal-fluid breakthrough in the Yinggehai and the Qiongdongnan basins have proved to be the important factors determining the formation of oil and gas in these basins.展开更多
The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brit...The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brittle fault system. There are three types of primary ore including auriferous calcite vein type, disseminated type, and breccia type, and the first two are important in the Phapon gold deposit. Based on fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry, three types of primary fluid inclusions including type 1 liquid-rich aqueous, type 2 vapor-rich aqueous and type 3 daughter mineralbearing aqueous were identified in hydrothermal calcite grains. The ore-forming fluids are normally homogeneous, as indicated by the widespread type 1 inclusions with identical composition. The coexistence of type 1 and type 2 inclusions, showing similar final homogenization temperature but different compositions, indicate that fluid immiscibility did locally take place in both two types of ores. The results of microthermometry and H-O isotopes geochemistry indicate that there are little differences on ore-fluid geochemistry between the auriferous calcite vein-type and disseminated type ores. The oreforming fluids are characterized by medium-low temperatures(157–268 oC) and low salinity(1.6 wt.%–9.9 wt.% NaCl eq.). It is likely to have a metamorphic-dominant mixed source, which could be associated with dehydration and decarbonisation of Lower Permian limestone and Middle–Upper Triassic sandstones during the dynamic metamorphism. The fluid-wallrock interaction played a major role, and the locally occurred fluid-immiscible processes played a subordinate role in gold precipitation. Combined with the regional and ore deposit geology, and ore-fluid geochemistry, we suggest that the Phapon gold deposit is best considered to be a member of the epizonal orogenic deposit class.展开更多
Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)is generally used for profiling transcriptome of individual cells.The droplet-based 10X Genomics Chromium(10X)approach and the plate-based Smart-seq2 full-length method are two fre...Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)is generally used for profiling transcriptome of individual cells.The droplet-based 10X Genomics Chromium(10X)approach and the plate-based Smart-seq2 full-length method are two frequently used scRNA-seq platforms,yet there are only a few thorough and systematic comparisons of their advantages and limitations.Here,by directly comparing the scRNA-seq data generated by these two platforms from the same samples of CD45cells,we systematically evaluated their features using a wide spectrum of analyses.Smart-seq2 detected more genes in a cell,especially low abundance transcripts as well as alternatively spliced transcripts,but captured higher proportion of mitochondrial genes.The composite of Smart-seq2 data also resembled bulk RNA-seq data more.For 10X-based data,we observed higher noise for mRNAs with low expression levels.Approximately 10%30%of all detected transcripts by both platforms were from non-coding genes,with long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)accounting for a higher proportion in 10X.10X-based data displayed more severe dropout problem,especially for genes with lower expression levels.However,10X-data can detect rare cell types given its ability to cover a large number of cells.In addition,each platform detected distinct groups of differentially expressed genes between cell clusters,indicating the different characteristics of these technologies.Our study promotes better understanding of these two platforms and offers the basis for an informed choice of these widely used technologies.展开更多
Matrix computation,as a fundamental building block of information processing in science and technology,contributes most of the computational overheads in modern signal processing and artificial intelligence algorithms...Matrix computation,as a fundamental building block of information processing in science and technology,contributes most of the computational overheads in modern signal processing and artificial intelligence algorithms.Photonic accelerators are designed to accelerate specific categories of computing in the optical domain,especially matrix multiplication,to address the growing demand for computing resources and capacity.Photonic matrix multiplication has much potential to expand the domain of telecommunication,and artificial intelligence benefiting from its superior performance.Recent research in photonic matrix multiplication has flourished and may provide opportunities to develop applications that are unachievable at present by conventional electronic processors.In this review,we first introduce the methods of photonic matrix multiplication,mainly including the plane light conversion method,Mach–Zehnder interferometer method and wavelength division multiplexing method.We also summarize the developmental milestones of photonic matrix multiplication and the related applications.Then,we review their detailed advances in applications to optical signal processing and artificial neural networks in recent years.Finally,we comment on the challenges and perspectives of photonic matrix multiplication and photonic acceleration.展开更多
Optical machine learning has emerged as an important research area that,by leveraging the advantages inherent to optical signals,such as parallelism and high speed,paves the way for a future where optical hardware can...Optical machine learning has emerged as an important research area that,by leveraging the advantages inherent to optical signals,such as parallelism and high speed,paves the way for a future where optical hardware can process data at the speed of light.In this work,we present such optical devices for data processing in the form of single-layer nanoscale holographic perceptrons trained to perform optical inference tasks.We experimentally show the functionality of these passive optical devices in the example of decryptors trained to perform optical inference of single or whole classes of keys through symmetric and asymmetric decryption.The decryptors,designed for operation in the near-infrared region,are nanoprinted on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor chips by galvo-dithered two-photon nanolithography with axial nanostepping of 10 nm achieving a neuron density of>500 million neurons per square centimetre.This power-efficient commixture of machine learning and on-chip integration may have a transformative impact on optical decryption3,sensing4,medical diagnostics5 and computing6,7.展开更多
The growing demands of brain science and artificial intelligence create an urgent need for the development of artificial neural networks(ANNs)that can mimic the structural,functional and biological features of human n...The growing demands of brain science and artificial intelligence create an urgent need for the development of artificial neural networks(ANNs)that can mimic the structural,functional and biological features of human neural networks.Nanophotonics,which is the study of the behaviour of light and the light–matter interaction at the nanometre scale,has unveiled new phenomena and led to new applications beyond the diffraction limit of light.These emerging nanophotonic devices have enabled scientists to develop paradigm shifts of research into ANNs.In the present review,we summarise the recent progress in nanophotonics for emulating the structural,functional and biological features of ANNs,directly or indirectly.展开更多
The enantiomers separation of ei ght pharmaceutical racemates collected in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010(Ch.P2010),including nitrendipine,felodipine,omeprazole,praziquantel,sulpiride,clenbuterol hydrochloride,verapamil h...The enantiomers separation of ei ght pharmaceutical racemates collected in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010(Ch.P2010),including nitrendipine,felodipine,omeprazole,praziquantel,sulpiride,clenbuterol hydrochloride,verapamil hydrochloride and chlorphenamine maleate,was performed on chiral stationary phase of amylose ramification by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)on Chiralpak AD-H column and Chiralpak AS-H column with the mobile phase consisted of isopropanol and n-hexane.The detection wavelength and the flow rate were set at 254 nm and 0.7 mL/min,respectively.The effects of proportion of organic additives,alcohol displacer and temperature on the separation were investigated.The results indicated that eight chiral drugs were separated on chiral stationary phase of amylase ramification in normal phase chroma tographic system.The chromatographic retention and resolution of enantiomers were adjusted by factors,including the changes of the concentration of alcohol displacer in mobile phase,organic alkaline modifier and column temperature.It was shown that the resolution was improved with reducing concentration of alcohol displacer.When the concentration of organic alkaline modifier was 0.2%,the resolution and the peak shape were fairly good.Most racemates mentioned above had the best resolution at column temperature of 25℃.The best temperature should be kept unchanged in the process of separation so as to obtain stable separation results.展开更多
The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magma...The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ^(187)Re/^(188)Os-^(187)Os/^(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.展开更多
The creation of biomimetic neuron interfaces(BNIs)has become imperative for different research fields from neural science to artificial intelligence.BNIs are two-dimensional or three-dimensional(3D)artificial interfac...The creation of biomimetic neuron interfaces(BNIs)has become imperative for different research fields from neural science to artificial intelligence.BNIs are two-dimensional or three-dimensional(3D)artificial interfaces mimicking the geometrical and functional characteristics of biological neural networks to rebuild,understand,and improve neuronal functions.The study of BNI holds the key for curing neuron disorder diseases and creating innovative artificial neural networks(ANNs).To achieve these goals,3D direct laser writing(DLW)has proven to be a powerful method for BNI with complex geometries.However,the need for scaled-up,high speed fabrication of BNI demands the integration of DLW techniques with ANNs.ANNs,computing algorithms inspired by biological neurons,have shown their unprecedented ability to improve efficiency in data processing.The integration of ANNs and DLW techniques promises an innovative pathway for efficient fabrication of large-scale BNI and can also inspire the design and optimization of novel BNI for ANNs.This perspective reviews advances in DLW of BNI and discusses the role of ANNs in the design and fabrication of BNI.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)direct laser writing(DLW)based on two-photon polymerisation(TPP)is an advanced technology for fabricating precise 3D hydrogel micro-and nanostructures for applications in biomedical engineering.Pa...Three-dimensional(3D)direct laser writing(DLW)based on two-photon polymerisation(TPP)is an advanced technology for fabricating precise 3D hydrogel micro-and nanostructures for applications in biomedical engineering.Particularly,the use of visible lasers for the 3D DLW of hydrogels is advantageous because it enables high fabrication resolution and promotes wound healing.Polyethylene glycol diacrylate(PEGda)has been widely used in TPP fabrication owing to its high biocompatibility.However,the high laser power required in the 3D DLW of PEGda microstructures using a visible laser in a high-water-content environment limits its applications to only those below the biological laser power safety level.In this study,a formula for a TPP hydrogel based on 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone(HMPP)and PEGda was developed for the fabrication of 3D DLW microstructures at a low threshold power(0.1 nJ per laser pulse at a writing speed of 10μm·s^(−1))in a high-water-content environment(up to 79%)using a green laser beam(535 nm).This formula enables the fabrication of microstructures with micrometre fabrication resolution and high mechanical strength(megapascal level)and is suitable for the fabrication of waterresponsive,shape-changing microstructures.These results will promote the utilisation of low-power 3D DLW for fabricating hydrogel microstructures using visible lasers in high-water-content environments.展开更多
We demonstrate the confinement of broadband optical energy in the visible to near-infrared regime in a threedimensional nanoscale volume with high energy efficiency in a nanostructure consisting of multiple nanoslits...We demonstrate the confinement of broadband optical energy in the visible to near-infrared regime in a threedimensional nanoscale volume with high energy efficiency in a nanostructure consisting of multiple nanoslits in dielectric chacolgenide material.We find that a broadband optical field can be confined down to the scale of 1 nm(λ∕650)with a confinement volume ofλ3∕3×10^(4).The figure of merit of the nanostructure can be up to 10 times that achieved by plasmonic lensing and nanofocusing.Our work opens a new way for truly nanoscaled photonics applicable to nanolithograpy,nanoimaging,lab-on-chip nanosensing,single-molecule detection,and nanospectroscopy.展开更多
Introduction:Although helminth infections threaten millions of people worldwide,the spatiotemporal characteristics remain unclear across China.This study systematically describes the spatiotemporal changes of major hu...Introduction:Although helminth infections threaten millions of people worldwide,the spatiotemporal characteristics remain unclear across China.This study systematically describes the spatiotemporal changes of major human helminth infections and their epidemiological characteristics from 1988 to 2021 in Guangdong Province,China.Methods:The survey data in Guangdong Province were primarily obtained from 3 national surveys implemented during 1988–1992,2001–2004,and 2014–2016,respectively,and from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention during 2019–2021.A modified Kato-Katz technique was used to detect parasite eggs in collected fecal samples.Results:The overall standardized infection rates(SIRs)of any soil-transmitted helminths(STH)and Clonorchis sinensis decreased from 65.27%during 1988–1992 to 4.23%during 2019–2021.In particular,the SIRs of STH had even more of a decrease,from 64.41%during 1988–1992 to 0.31%during 2019–2021.The SIRs of Clonorchis sinensis in the 4 surveys were 2.40%,12.17%,5.20%,and 3.93%,respectively.This study observed different permutations of gender,age,occupation,and education level on the SIRs of helminths.Conclusions:The infection rate of STH has substantially decreased.However,the infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis has had fewer changes,and it has become the dominant helminth.展开更多
A memristor is a promising candidate of new electronic synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.However,conventional memristors often exhibit complex device structures,cumbersome manufacturing processes,and high en...A memristor is a promising candidate of new electronic synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.However,conventional memristors often exhibit complex device structures,cumbersome manufacturing processes,and high energy consumption.Graphene-based materials show great potential as the building materials of memristors.With direct laser writing technology,this paper proposes a lateral memristor with reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and Pt as electrodes and graphene oxide(GO)as function material.This Pt/GO/rGO memristor with a facile lateral structure can be easily fabricated and demonstrates an ultra-low energy consumption of 200 nW.Typical synaptic behaviors are successfully emulated.Meanwhile,the Pt/GO/rGO memristor array is applied in the reservoir computing network,performing the digital recognition with a high accuracy of 95.74%.This work provides a simple and low-cost preparation method for the massive production of artificial synapses with low energy consumption,which will greatly facilitate the development of neural network computing hardware platforms.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179019)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(B2020501003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2023030)。
文摘Zinc-based flow batteries(ZFBs)have aroused great favor in large-scale energy storage due to the high security and low cost.However,the low areal capacity arising from the limited space for Zn plating hinders the further development.Herein,a novel carbon felt-Sn-carbon felt sandwich host(CSCH)is designed and constructed.Benefiting from the strong chemical absorption and the dehydration effect on Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)^(2+),the Sn activation layer in the CSCH demonstrates the lowest comprehensive resistance for Zn deposition.Thus,Zn is induced to nucleate preferentially on the Sn activation layer,and grows towards the membrane,regulating the spatial distribution of Zn electrochemical deposits,which remarkably improves the areal capacity and cyclic stability of Zn anode.Consequently,the zinc-bromine flow batteries equipped with CSCH electrodes can achieve the ultra-high areal capacity of 120 mA h cm^(-2)at 80 mA cm^(-2),and run stably for 140 h with average energy efficiency of 80.3%in the extreme condition(80 mA cm^(-2),80 mA h cm^(-2)).This innovative work will inspire future advanced designs for high areal capacity electrodes in ZFBs.
基金the Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone(ZJ2019-ZD-005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11874267)supported by a fellowship of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M671169)。
文摘Fluorescence nanoscopy provides imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction-limited resolution barrier in light microscopy,thereby opening up a new area of research in biomedical imaging in fields such as neuroscience.Here,we review the foremost fluorescence nanoscopy techniques,including descriptions of their applications in elucidating protein architectures and mobility,the real-time determination of synaptic parameters involved in neural processes,three-dimensional imaging,and the tracking of nanoscale neural activity.We conclude by discussing the prospects of fluorescence nanoscopy,with a particular focus on its deployment in combination with related techniques(e.g.,machine learning)in neuroscience.
基金This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(81574098).
文摘Objective:This paper aims to study the correlativity between the number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases and seasonal meteorological factors in Beijing.Methods:Based on theory of Human-Environmental Inter Relation in Huangdi's Internal Classics,we adopted monthly cases of PTB in Beijing from 2004 to 2011,and established a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model.Using the cross-correlation function (CCF),we then analyzed the correlation between meteorological factors and number of infected patients.The related meteorological factors were subsequently integrated,to establish a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with explanatory variables (SARIMAX) model,which was used to estimate and verify the number of PTB cases in 2012.Results:In this study,a SARIMA(0,1,1) (0,1,1)12 model was established;CCF analysis was used to reveal the correlativity between PTB and precipitation with 1 lag,relative humidity with 1 lag.Then,integrated with relative humidity with 1 lag (β =2.405,95% confidence interval:0.433-4.377),the SARIMAX prediction model was proved to be an accurate approach for predicting local situations of PTB occurrence.Conclusions:The occurrence of PTB is correlated with seasonal meteorological factors.Combining these factors,an exact prediction model can be established,to estimate of the number of PTB infected patients.
文摘Researchers at the University of Oxford have introduced a groundbreaking technique called vectorial adaptive optics(V-AO),which extends the capabilities of traditional adaptive optics to correct for both polarization and phase aberrations.This novel approach opens new possibilities for manipulating the complex vectorial field in optical systems,enabling higher-dimensional feedback correction.
文摘Integrated study on the tectonic, basin filling and thermal evolution of the Tertiary basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea has indicated that the rift continental margin on the northern South China Sea is not a passive margin and that the western margin is characteristic of the transformextension. Episodic rifting and the thermal events since 10 Ma in the area have been documented by the integrated analysis of dynamic process. It has been clarified that the tectono-thermal events have exerted a significant influence on basin features and hydrocarbon accumulation, and particularly, the westward collision of the Lusong Island Arc, the generation of densely spaced faults in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, the rapid subsidence, high heat flow and large-scale over pressure and thermal-fluid breakthrough in the Yinggehai and the Qiongdongnan basins have proved to be the important factors determining the formation of oil and gas in these basins.
基金financially supported by the China Geological Survey Project (No. 121201010000150013)
文摘The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brittle fault system. There are three types of primary ore including auriferous calcite vein type, disseminated type, and breccia type, and the first two are important in the Phapon gold deposit. Based on fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry, three types of primary fluid inclusions including type 1 liquid-rich aqueous, type 2 vapor-rich aqueous and type 3 daughter mineralbearing aqueous were identified in hydrothermal calcite grains. The ore-forming fluids are normally homogeneous, as indicated by the widespread type 1 inclusions with identical composition. The coexistence of type 1 and type 2 inclusions, showing similar final homogenization temperature but different compositions, indicate that fluid immiscibility did locally take place in both two types of ores. The results of microthermometry and H-O isotopes geochemistry indicate that there are little differences on ore-fluid geochemistry between the auriferous calcite vein-type and disseminated type ores. The oreforming fluids are characterized by medium-low temperatures(157–268 oC) and low salinity(1.6 wt.%–9.9 wt.% NaCl eq.). It is likely to have a metamorphic-dominant mixed source, which could be associated with dehydration and decarbonisation of Lower Permian limestone and Middle–Upper Triassic sandstones during the dynamic metamorphism. The fluid-wallrock interaction played a major role, and the locally occurred fluid-immiscible processes played a subordinate role in gold precipitation. Combined with the regional and ore deposit geology, and ore-fluid geochemistry, we suggest that the Phapon gold deposit is best considered to be a member of the epizonal orogenic deposit class.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31530036,81573022,and 31601063).
文摘Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)is generally used for profiling transcriptome of individual cells.The droplet-based 10X Genomics Chromium(10X)approach and the plate-based Smart-seq2 full-length method are two frequently used scRNA-seq platforms,yet there are only a few thorough and systematic comparisons of their advantages and limitations.Here,by directly comparing the scRNA-seq data generated by these two platforms from the same samples of CD45cells,we systematically evaluated their features using a wide spectrum of analyses.Smart-seq2 detected more genes in a cell,especially low abundance transcripts as well as alternatively spliced transcripts,but captured higher proportion of mitochondrial genes.The composite of Smart-seq2 data also resembled bulk RNA-seq data more.For 10X-based data,we observed higher noise for mRNAs with low expression levels.Approximately 10%30%of all detected transcripts by both platforms were from non-coding genes,with long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)accounting for a higher proportion in 10X.10X-based data displayed more severe dropout problem,especially for genes with lower expression levels.However,10X-data can detect rare cell types given its ability to cover a large number of cells.In addition,each platform detected distinct groups of differentially expressed genes between cell clusters,indicating the different characteristics of these technologies.Our study promotes better understanding of these two platforms and offers the basis for an informed choice of these widely used technologies.
基金Chaoran Huang would like to thank Alexander Tait,Bhavin Shastri and Paul Prucnal for the fruitful discussions.J.J.D.acknowledges the support of the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2018YFB2201901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61805090,62075075).
文摘Matrix computation,as a fundamental building block of information processing in science and technology,contributes most of the computational overheads in modern signal processing and artificial intelligence algorithms.Photonic accelerators are designed to accelerate specific categories of computing in the optical domain,especially matrix multiplication,to address the growing demand for computing resources and capacity.Photonic matrix multiplication has much potential to expand the domain of telecommunication,and artificial intelligence benefiting from its superior performance.Recent research in photonic matrix multiplication has flourished and may provide opportunities to develop applications that are unachievable at present by conventional electronic processors.In this review,we first introduce the methods of photonic matrix multiplication,mainly including the plane light conversion method,Mach–Zehnder interferometer method and wavelength division multiplexing method.We also summarize the developmental milestones of photonic matrix multiplication and the related applications.Then,we review their detailed advances in applications to optical signal processing and artificial neural networks in recent years.Finally,we comment on the challenges and perspectives of photonic matrix multiplication and photonic acceleration.
基金The authors thank Shiwei Zhang and Prof.Xiaodong Li for their enlightening discussions.The authors acknowledge the use of facilities within the RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility(RMMF)the support of the Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology,Tongji University,Shanghai,China.M.G.acknowledges the funding support from the Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone(ZJ2019-ZD-005).
文摘Optical machine learning has emerged as an important research area that,by leveraging the advantages inherent to optical signals,such as parallelism and high speed,paves the way for a future where optical hardware can process data at the speed of light.In this work,we present such optical devices for data processing in the form of single-layer nanoscale holographic perceptrons trained to perform optical inference tasks.We experimentally show the functionality of these passive optical devices in the example of decryptors trained to perform optical inference of single or whole classes of keys through symmetric and asymmetric decryption.The decryptors,designed for operation in the near-infrared region,are nanoprinted on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor chips by galvo-dithered two-photon nanolithography with axial nanostepping of 10 nm achieving a neuron density of>500 million neurons per square centimetre.This power-efficient commixture of machine learning and on-chip integration may have a transformative impact on optical decryption3,sensing4,medical diagnostics5 and computing6,7.
基金the support from Australian Research Council(ARC)(Discovery Project 170101775).
文摘The growing demands of brain science and artificial intelligence create an urgent need for the development of artificial neural networks(ANNs)that can mimic the structural,functional and biological features of human neural networks.Nanophotonics,which is the study of the behaviour of light and the light–matter interaction at the nanometre scale,has unveiled new phenomena and led to new applications beyond the diffraction limit of light.These emerging nanophotonic devices have enabled scientists to develop paradigm shifts of research into ANNs.In the present review,we summarise the recent progress in nanophotonics for emulating the structural,functional and biological features of ANNs,directly or indirectly.
文摘The enantiomers separation of ei ght pharmaceutical racemates collected in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010(Ch.P2010),including nitrendipine,felodipine,omeprazole,praziquantel,sulpiride,clenbuterol hydrochloride,verapamil hydrochloride and chlorphenamine maleate,was performed on chiral stationary phase of amylose ramification by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)on Chiralpak AD-H column and Chiralpak AS-H column with the mobile phase consisted of isopropanol and n-hexane.The detection wavelength and the flow rate were set at 254 nm and 0.7 mL/min,respectively.The effects of proportion of organic additives,alcohol displacer and temperature on the separation were investigated.The results indicated that eight chiral drugs were separated on chiral stationary phase of amylase ramification in normal phase chroma tographic system.The chromatographic retention and resolution of enantiomers were adjusted by factors,including the changes of the concentration of alcohol displacer in mobile phase,organic alkaline modifier and column temperature.It was shown that the resolution was improved with reducing concentration of alcohol displacer.When the concentration of organic alkaline modifier was 0.2%,the resolution and the peak shape were fairly good.Most racemates mentioned above had the best resolution at column temperature of 25℃.The best temperature should be kept unchanged in the process of separation so as to obtain stable separation results.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41402074 and 41502074)Applied Fundamental Research Funding of Sichuan Province, China (No. 2015JY0055)the National Geological Survey Foundation of China (No. 121201010000150013)
文摘The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ^(187)Re/^(188)Os-^(187)Os/^(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.
基金the support from the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Grant No.21DZ1100500)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project,the Shanghai Frontiers Science Center Program(2021-2025 No.20)+2 种基金the Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone(Grant No.ZJ2019-ZD-005)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB2802000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61975123).
文摘The creation of biomimetic neuron interfaces(BNIs)has become imperative for different research fields from neural science to artificial intelligence.BNIs are two-dimensional or three-dimensional(3D)artificial interfaces mimicking the geometrical and functional characteristics of biological neural networks to rebuild,understand,and improve neuronal functions.The study of BNI holds the key for curing neuron disorder diseases and creating innovative artificial neural networks(ANNs).To achieve these goals,3D direct laser writing(DLW)has proven to be a powerful method for BNI with complex geometries.However,the need for scaled-up,high speed fabrication of BNI demands the integration of DLW techniques with ANNs.ANNs,computing algorithms inspired by biological neurons,have shown their unprecedented ability to improve efficiency in data processing.The integration of ANNs and DLW techniques promises an innovative pathway for efficient fabrication of large-scale BNI and can also inspire the design and optimization of novel BNI for ANNs.This perspective reviews advances in DLW of BNI and discusses the role of ANNs in the design and fabrication of BNI.
基金support from the Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone(ZJ2019-ZD-005)support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(BX20180061 and 2018M642145).
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)direct laser writing(DLW)based on two-photon polymerisation(TPP)is an advanced technology for fabricating precise 3D hydrogel micro-and nanostructures for applications in biomedical engineering.Particularly,the use of visible lasers for the 3D DLW of hydrogels is advantageous because it enables high fabrication resolution and promotes wound healing.Polyethylene glycol diacrylate(PEGda)has been widely used in TPP fabrication owing to its high biocompatibility.However,the high laser power required in the 3D DLW of PEGda microstructures using a visible laser in a high-water-content environment limits its applications to only those below the biological laser power safety level.In this study,a formula for a TPP hydrogel based on 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone(HMPP)and PEGda was developed for the fabrication of 3D DLW microstructures at a low threshold power(0.1 nJ per laser pulse at a writing speed of 10μm·s^(−1))in a high-water-content environment(up to 79%)using a green laser beam(535 nm).This formula enables the fabrication of microstructures with micrometre fabrication resolution and high mechanical strength(megapascal level)and is suitable for the fabrication of waterresponsive,shape-changing microstructures.These results will promote the utilisation of low-power 3D DLW for fabricating hydrogel microstructures using visible lasers in high-water-content environments.
基金the Australian Research Council(ARC)Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems(CUDOS)(Project No.CE110001018)well as the Laureate Fellowship scheme(FL100100099).
文摘We demonstrate the confinement of broadband optical energy in the visible to near-infrared regime in a threedimensional nanoscale volume with high energy efficiency in a nanostructure consisting of multiple nanoslits in dielectric chacolgenide material.We find that a broadband optical field can be confined down to the scale of 1 nm(λ∕650)with a confinement volume ofλ3∕3×10^(4).The figure of merit of the nanostructure can be up to 10 times that achieved by plasmonic lensing and nanofocusing.Our work opens a new way for truly nanoscaled photonics applicable to nanolithograpy,nanoimaging,lab-on-chip nanosensing,single-molecule detection,and nanospectroscopy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42175181,81874276,and 81773497)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515011264,2021A1515012578)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202102080565 and 201707010037).
文摘Introduction:Although helminth infections threaten millions of people worldwide,the spatiotemporal characteristics remain unclear across China.This study systematically describes the spatiotemporal changes of major human helminth infections and their epidemiological characteristics from 1988 to 2021 in Guangdong Province,China.Methods:The survey data in Guangdong Province were primarily obtained from 3 national surveys implemented during 1988–1992,2001–2004,and 2014–2016,respectively,and from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention during 2019–2021.A modified Kato-Katz technique was used to detect parasite eggs in collected fecal samples.Results:The overall standardized infection rates(SIRs)of any soil-transmitted helminths(STH)and Clonorchis sinensis decreased from 65.27%during 1988–1992 to 4.23%during 2019–2021.In particular,the SIRs of STH had even more of a decrease,from 64.41%during 1988–1992 to 0.31%during 2019–2021.The SIRs of Clonorchis sinensis in the 4 surveys were 2.40%,12.17%,5.20%,and 3.93%,respectively.This study observed different permutations of gender,age,occupation,and education level on the SIRs of helminths.Conclusions:The infection rate of STH has substantially decreased.However,the infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis has had fewer changes,and it has become the dominant helminth.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(21DZ1100500)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project,the Shanghai Frontiers Science Center Program(2021-2025 No.20)+3 种基金the Zhangjiang National Innovation Demonstration Zone(ZJ2019-ZD-005)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB2802000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61975123 and 62105206)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M692137)。
文摘A memristor is a promising candidate of new electronic synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.However,conventional memristors often exhibit complex device structures,cumbersome manufacturing processes,and high energy consumption.Graphene-based materials show great potential as the building materials of memristors.With direct laser writing technology,this paper proposes a lateral memristor with reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and Pt as electrodes and graphene oxide(GO)as function material.This Pt/GO/rGO memristor with a facile lateral structure can be easily fabricated and demonstrates an ultra-low energy consumption of 200 nW.Typical synaptic behaviors are successfully emulated.Meanwhile,the Pt/GO/rGO memristor array is applied in the reservoir computing network,performing the digital recognition with a high accuracy of 95.74%.This work provides a simple and low-cost preparation method for the massive production of artificial synapses with low energy consumption,which will greatly facilitate the development of neural network computing hardware platforms.