Dietary saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid oppositely affect hepatic NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome through regulating nuclear factor-kappa B activation

AIM: To investigate the effect of different dietary fatty acids on hepatic inflammasome activation.METHODS: Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high-fat diet or polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)-enriched diet. Primary hepatocytes were treated with either saturated fatty acids(SFAs) or PUFAs as well as combined with lipopolysaccharide(LPS). The expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The activity of Caspase-1 and interleukine-1β production were measured.RESULTS: high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis was sufficient to induce and activate hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome. SFA palmitic acid(PA) directly activated NLRP3 inflammasome and increased sensitization to LPS-induced inflammasome activation in hepatocytes. In contrast, PUFA docosahexaenoic acid(Dh A) had thepotential to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome expression in hepatocytes and partly abolished LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, a highfat diet increased but PUFA-enriched diet decreased sensitization to LPS-induced hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo. Moreover, PA increased but Dh A decreased phosphorylated NF-κB p65 protein expression in hepatocytes.CONCLUSION:Hepatic NLRP 3 inflammasome activation played an important role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dietary SFAs and PUFAs oppositely regulated the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome through direct activation or inhibition of NF-κB.

Gastric submucosal lesion caused by an embedded fish bone:A case report

BACKGROUND Submucosal tumors(SMTs)refer to elevated lesions that originate from the layers below the mucosa of the digestive tract,including the muscularis,submucosa and muscularis propria.With the development and application of endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS),the detection rate of SMTs has increased significantly in recent years.Various diseases can lead to SMTs.However,a foreign body embedded in the gastric antrum showing clinical manifestations of a SMT is rare.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 47-year-old woman,who presented with upper abdominal discomfort for one year,and was subsequently diagnosed with a gastric submucosal lesion caused by an embedded foreign body by EUS and computed tomography.Considering the size and potential complications of this lesion,endoscopic full-thickness resection was performed to achieve full resection in our endoscopy center.A fish bone was found in the lesion during the operation,and was successfully removed,and the defect was later closed with endoscopic pursestring sutures.CONCLUSION This case report highlights the management strategies of SMTs,the importance of being familiar with diagnostic methods related to submucosal lesions,and being able to conduct effective treatment when this rare condition is highly suspected.