Responding to the predicted shift in climate envelope jack pine, (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) might migrate 10° northward between 2071 and 2100 and will be exposed to a different photoperiod regime. Successful migrati...Responding to the predicted shift in climate envelope jack pine, (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) might migrate 10° northward between 2071 and 2100 and will be exposed to a different photoperiod regime. Successful migration of the species might depend on the initial acclimating capability to the conditions of new location. The impacts of elevated carbon dioxide concentration [CO<sub>2</sub>], soil temperature and photoperiod on the phenological traits, growth and biomass responses in jack pine seedlings were investigated. Seedlings were grown in greenhouses under two [CO<sub>2</sub>] (400 and 950 μmol•mol<sup>-1</sup>), two soil temperatures (ambient soil temperature at seed origin and 5°C warmer) and three photoperiod regimes (photoperiods at seed origin, 5° north of the seed origin and 10° north of the seed origin). Budburst and bud setting time were recorded and the seedling height (Ht), root collar diameter (RCD), root biomass, stem biomass and leaf biomass were measured after six months of treatment. It was observed that under elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>], ambient T<sub>soil</sub> and photoperiods associated with 10° northward migrations budburstis advanced by 10 days. Photoperiods toward north significantly prolonged the bud setting time. However, tri-factor interactive effect on bud set was not statistically significant. Elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] significantly (P < 0.05) increased the RCD, volume of the seedlings and total biomass and longer growing season photoperiods towards north significantly increased the seedling heights. Though elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] significantly increased the projected leaf area, it had no significant effect on specific leaf area. Elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] significantly reduced the shoot to root ratio, which indicated higher biomass allocation in roots under elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>]. However, all these growth and biomass responses were statistically insignificant under tri-factor interactive effects. The results suggest that climate change induced northward migration will not affect the growth of jack pine. However, a long distance migration (e.g. 10° north) will expose the species to late-spring frost damage.展开更多
The relationship between photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen concentration is often used to model forest carbon fixation and ratios of different nutrient elements can modify this relationship. However, the effects of nut...The relationship between photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen concentration is often used to model forest carbon fixation and ratios of different nutrient elements can modify this relationship. However, the effects of nutrient ratios on this important relationship are generally not well understood. To investigate whether N/P/K ratios and CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentration ([CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">]) influence relationships between photosynthesis and nitrogen, we exposed one-year-old black spruce seedlings to two [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">] (370 and 720 μmol·mol</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), two N/P/K ratio regimes (constant (CNR) and variable (VNR) nutrient ratio) at 6 N supply levels (10 to 360 μmol·mol</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). It was found that photosynthesis (P</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) was more sensitive to nitrogen supply and N/P/K ratios under the elevated [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">] than under ambient [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">];under the elevated [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">], P</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> declined with increases in N supplies above 150 μmol·mol</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in the CNR treatment but was relatively insensitive to N supplies of the same range in the VNR treatment. Further, our data suggest that the nutrient ratio and the CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> elevation effects on photosynthesis were via their effects on the maximum rate of carboxylation (V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cmax</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) but not electron transport (J</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">max</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) or triose phosphate utilization (TPU). The results suggest that the CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> elevation increased the demand for all three nutrient elements but the increase was greater for N than for P and K. The CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> elevation resulted in greater photosynthetic use efficiencies of N, P and K, but the increases varied with the nutrient ratio treatments. The results suggest that under elevated [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">], higher net photosynthetic rates demand different optimal N-P-K ratios than under the current [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">].展开更多
Phosphorus (P) is a common limiting nutrient element to plants and its supply and uptake by plants are strongly influenced by soil temperature. However, the interactive effects of the two factors on the physiological ...Phosphorus (P) is a common limiting nutrient element to plants and its supply and uptake by plants are strongly influenced by soil temperature. However, the interactive effects of the two factors on the physiological responses of plants to global change are poorly understood. In this study, we examined how P supply and Tsoil interacted in affecting physiological responses in white birch (Betula papyrifera) to [CO2]. We exposed seedlings to 7°C, 17°C and 27°C Tsoil, 0.1479, 0.3029 and 0.5847 mM P2O5, and 360 and 720 μmol·mol-1 [CO2] for four months. We have found that both the low soil temperature and CO2 elevation resulted in photosynthetic down regulation but the specific mechanisms of the down regulation were different between the two treatments, particularly the relative contributions of biochemical and photochemical capacity, mesophyll conductance and sink strength for carbohydrate utilization to the down regulation. Furthermore, our data suggest that morphological adjustments, such as reduced leaf size and total leaf area, were the primary form of responses in white birch to low phosphorus supply and no significant physiological acclimation to P supply was detected. Our results suggest that white birch will likely enhance water use efficiency under the projected future climate conditions with doubled carbon dioxide concentration, particularly at warmer soil temperatures. Although a trade-off between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency is widely accepted, our results suggest that there does not have to be a trade-off between the two, for instance, CO2 elevation increased both use efficiencies and low soil temperature and reduced nitrogen efficiency without affecting water use efficiency under elevated CO2.展开更多
The predicated changes in precipitation and temperature associated with the continued elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration will trigger the northward shift of the Climate Envelopes for 130 North America tree spe...The predicated changes in precipitation and temperature associated with the continued elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration will trigger the northward shift of the Climate Envelopes for 130 North America tree species by as much as 10 degrees. However, climate envelope models do not take into account changes in other factors that may also influence the survival and growth of plants at the predicted new locations, such as photoperiod and nutrient regimes. This study investigated how photoperiod and nitrogen supply would affect the ecophysiological traits of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B. S. P.) that are critical for survival and growth at new locations predicted by climate envelope models. We exposed black spruce seedlings to the photoperiod regime at the seed origin (PS) and that 10° north of the seed origin (PNM) as predicted by climate envelope models under the current and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration and different levels of N supply (30 vs. 300 μmol·mol-1 N). We found that the PNM and the 30 μmol·mol-1 N supply both had negative impact on the development of seedling cold hardiness in the fall, and led to earlier burst of the terminal bud and greater rate of mortality in the following growing season. While the PNM stimulated seedling growth in the first growing season, the effect was not sustained in the second growing season. Our results suggest that the photoperiod regimes and poor nutrient conditions at higher latitudes will likely constrain the scope of the northward migration or seed transfer of black spruce.展开更多
Aims Some shade-tolerant understory tree species such as mountain maple(Acer spicatum L.)exhibit light-foraging growth habits.Changes in environmental conditions,such as the rise of carbon dioxide concentration([CO_(2...Aims Some shade-tolerant understory tree species such as mountain maple(Acer spicatum L.)exhibit light-foraging growth habits.Changes in environmental conditions,such as the rise of carbon dioxide concentration([CO_(2)])in the atmosphere and soil warming,may affect the performance of these species under different light environments.We investigated how elevated[CO_(2)]and soil warm-ing influence the growth and biomass responses of mountain maple seedlings to light availability.Methods The treatments were two levels of light(100%and 30%of the ambient light in the greenhouse),two[CO_(2)](392μmol mol^(−1)(ambient)and 784μmol mol^(−1)(elevated))and two soil tempera-tures(Tsoil)(17 and 22℃).After one growing season,we measured seedling height,root collar diameter,leaf biomass,stem biomass and root biomass.Important findings We found that under the ambient[CO_(2)],the high-light level increased seedlings height by 70%and 56%at the low Tsoil and high Tsoil,respectively.Under the elevated[CO_(2)],however,the high-light level increased seedling height by 52%and 13%at the low Tsoil and high Tsoil,respectively.The responses of biomasses to light generally followed the response patterns of height growth under both[CO_(2)]and Tsoil and the magnitude of biomass response to light was the lowest under the elevated[CO_(2)]and warmer Tsoil.The results suggest that the elevated[CO_(2)]and warmer Tsoil under the projected future climate may have negative impact on the colonization of open sites and forest canopy gaps by mountain maple.展开更多
文摘Responding to the predicted shift in climate envelope jack pine, (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) might migrate 10° northward between 2071 and 2100 and will be exposed to a different photoperiod regime. Successful migration of the species might depend on the initial acclimating capability to the conditions of new location. The impacts of elevated carbon dioxide concentration [CO<sub>2</sub>], soil temperature and photoperiod on the phenological traits, growth and biomass responses in jack pine seedlings were investigated. Seedlings were grown in greenhouses under two [CO<sub>2</sub>] (400 and 950 μmol•mol<sup>-1</sup>), two soil temperatures (ambient soil temperature at seed origin and 5°C warmer) and three photoperiod regimes (photoperiods at seed origin, 5° north of the seed origin and 10° north of the seed origin). Budburst and bud setting time were recorded and the seedling height (Ht), root collar diameter (RCD), root biomass, stem biomass and leaf biomass were measured after six months of treatment. It was observed that under elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>], ambient T<sub>soil</sub> and photoperiods associated with 10° northward migrations budburstis advanced by 10 days. Photoperiods toward north significantly prolonged the bud setting time. However, tri-factor interactive effect on bud set was not statistically significant. Elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] significantly (P < 0.05) increased the RCD, volume of the seedlings and total biomass and longer growing season photoperiods towards north significantly increased the seedling heights. Though elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] significantly increased the projected leaf area, it had no significant effect on specific leaf area. Elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] significantly reduced the shoot to root ratio, which indicated higher biomass allocation in roots under elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>]. However, all these growth and biomass responses were statistically insignificant under tri-factor interactive effects. The results suggest that climate change induced northward migration will not affect the growth of jack pine. However, a long distance migration (e.g. 10° north) will expose the species to late-spring frost damage.
文摘The relationship between photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen concentration is often used to model forest carbon fixation and ratios of different nutrient elements can modify this relationship. However, the effects of nutrient ratios on this important relationship are generally not well understood. To investigate whether N/P/K ratios and CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> concentration ([CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">]) influence relationships between photosynthesis and nitrogen, we exposed one-year-old black spruce seedlings to two [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">] (370 and 720 μmol·mol</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), two N/P/K ratio regimes (constant (CNR) and variable (VNR) nutrient ratio) at 6 N supply levels (10 to 360 μmol·mol</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). It was found that photosynthesis (P</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) was more sensitive to nitrogen supply and N/P/K ratios under the elevated [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">] than under ambient [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">];under the elevated [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">], P</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> declined with increases in N supplies above 150 μmol·mol</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in the CNR treatment but was relatively insensitive to N supplies of the same range in the VNR treatment. Further, our data suggest that the nutrient ratio and the CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> elevation effects on photosynthesis were via their effects on the maximum rate of carboxylation (V</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cmax</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) but not electron transport (J</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">max</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) or triose phosphate utilization (TPU). The results suggest that the CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> elevation increased the demand for all three nutrient elements but the increase was greater for N than for P and K. The CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> elevation resulted in greater photosynthetic use efficiencies of N, P and K, but the increases varied with the nutrient ratio treatments. The results suggest that under elevated [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">], higher net photosynthetic rates demand different optimal N-P-K ratios than under the current [CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">].
文摘Phosphorus (P) is a common limiting nutrient element to plants and its supply and uptake by plants are strongly influenced by soil temperature. However, the interactive effects of the two factors on the physiological responses of plants to global change are poorly understood. In this study, we examined how P supply and Tsoil interacted in affecting physiological responses in white birch (Betula papyrifera) to [CO2]. We exposed seedlings to 7°C, 17°C and 27°C Tsoil, 0.1479, 0.3029 and 0.5847 mM P2O5, and 360 and 720 μmol·mol-1 [CO2] for four months. We have found that both the low soil temperature and CO2 elevation resulted in photosynthetic down regulation but the specific mechanisms of the down regulation were different between the two treatments, particularly the relative contributions of biochemical and photochemical capacity, mesophyll conductance and sink strength for carbohydrate utilization to the down regulation. Furthermore, our data suggest that morphological adjustments, such as reduced leaf size and total leaf area, were the primary form of responses in white birch to low phosphorus supply and no significant physiological acclimation to P supply was detected. Our results suggest that white birch will likely enhance water use efficiency under the projected future climate conditions with doubled carbon dioxide concentration, particularly at warmer soil temperatures. Although a trade-off between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency is widely accepted, our results suggest that there does not have to be a trade-off between the two, for instance, CO2 elevation increased both use efficiencies and low soil temperature and reduced nitrogen efficiency without affecting water use efficiency under elevated CO2.
文摘The predicated changes in precipitation and temperature associated with the continued elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration will trigger the northward shift of the Climate Envelopes for 130 North America tree species by as much as 10 degrees. However, climate envelope models do not take into account changes in other factors that may also influence the survival and growth of plants at the predicted new locations, such as photoperiod and nutrient regimes. This study investigated how photoperiod and nitrogen supply would affect the ecophysiological traits of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B. S. P.) that are critical for survival and growth at new locations predicted by climate envelope models. We exposed black spruce seedlings to the photoperiod regime at the seed origin (PS) and that 10° north of the seed origin (PNM) as predicted by climate envelope models under the current and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration and different levels of N supply (30 vs. 300 μmol·mol-1 N). We found that the PNM and the 30 μmol·mol-1 N supply both had negative impact on the development of seedling cold hardiness in the fall, and led to earlier burst of the terminal bud and greater rate of mortality in the following growing season. While the PNM stimulated seedling growth in the first growing season, the effect was not sustained in the second growing season. Our results suggest that the photoperiod regimes and poor nutrient conditions at higher latitudes will likely constrain the scope of the northward migration or seed transfer of black spruce.
基金Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery(Project#203198-2008)grant to Q.-L.D.
文摘Aims Some shade-tolerant understory tree species such as mountain maple(Acer spicatum L.)exhibit light-foraging growth habits.Changes in environmental conditions,such as the rise of carbon dioxide concentration([CO_(2)])in the atmosphere and soil warming,may affect the performance of these species under different light environments.We investigated how elevated[CO_(2)]and soil warm-ing influence the growth and biomass responses of mountain maple seedlings to light availability.Methods The treatments were two levels of light(100%and 30%of the ambient light in the greenhouse),two[CO_(2)](392μmol mol^(−1)(ambient)and 784μmol mol^(−1)(elevated))and two soil tempera-tures(Tsoil)(17 and 22℃).After one growing season,we measured seedling height,root collar diameter,leaf biomass,stem biomass and root biomass.Important findings We found that under the ambient[CO_(2)],the high-light level increased seedlings height by 70%and 56%at the low Tsoil and high Tsoil,respectively.Under the elevated[CO_(2)],however,the high-light level increased seedling height by 52%and 13%at the low Tsoil and high Tsoil,respectively.The responses of biomasses to light generally followed the response patterns of height growth under both[CO_(2)]and Tsoil and the magnitude of biomass response to light was the lowest under the elevated[CO_(2)]and warmer Tsoil.The results suggest that the elevated[CO_(2)]and warmer Tsoil under the projected future climate may have negative impact on the colonization of open sites and forest canopy gaps by mountain maple.
基金by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grants to Q.L.Dang(Project No.203198-2013-RGPIN)Lakehead University Graduate Assistantships to J.Marfo.