On the horizontal distribution of algal-bloom in Chaohu Lake and its formation process

Based on the remote sensing images of algae, the present work analyzes the horizontal distribution characteristics of algal blooms in Chaohu Lake, China, which also reveals the frequency of algal blooms under different wind directions. Further, an unstructured-grid, three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model （FVCOM） is applied to investigate the wind-induced currents and the transport pro- cess to explain the reason why algal blooms occur at the detected places. We first deduce the primary distribution of biomass from overlaid satellite images, and explain the formation mechanism by analyzing the pollution sources, and simulating the flow field and transportation process under prevailing wind over Chaohu Lake. And then, we consider the adjustment action of the wind on the corresponding day and develop a two-time scale approach to describe the whole formation process of algae horizontal distribution in Chaohu Lake. That is, on the longer time scale, i.e., during bloom season, prevailing wind determines the primary distribution of biomass by inducing the characteristic flow field; on the shorter time scale, i.e., on the day when bloom occurs, the wind force adjusts the primary distribution of biomass to form the final distribution of algal bloom.

A rare occurrence of a hereditary Birt-Hogg-Dubésyndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Birt-Hogg-Dubé(BHD)syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by germline mutations in the folliculin(FLCN)protein gene,which usually manifests as cutaneous fibrofolliculoma,pulmonary cysts,renal cell carcinoma,and spontaneous pneumothorax.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old woman with no history of smoking was admitted to the Respiratory Department of our hospital due to intermittent wheezing that lasted for 8 mo.She had experienced recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax more than four times during the past 8 mo.After admission,the patient again suffered from left pneumothorax without a clear reason.Lung computed tomography(CT)showed multiple low-density cystic changes in both lungs.Physical examination on admission revealed multiple white dome-shaped papules in the neck,the nape,and behind the ear.In addition,the patient had a family history of spontaneous pneumothorax.Her mother had suffered from pneumothorax four times(at age 36,37,42,and 50 years).Her second maternal aunt had suffered from a right pneumothorax at the age of 40.The multidisciplinary diagnosis of BHD,which included the Respiratory Department,Radiology Department,Pathology Department,and Dermatological Department,was BHD and was later confirmed by family genetic testing.The same variation(FLCN gene)was found in the patient’s mother and aunt.CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of multidisciplinary diagnosis and a treatment platform for the diagnosis of BHD.

Evolution of Energy in Submerged Granular Column Collapse

The evolution of energy in subaerial and subaqueous granular column collapses is studied.Employing the refractive index matching method and planar laser-induced fluorescence technique,we obtain granular and liquid images simultaneously in a single experiment of subaqueous flow.Particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry are used to process the data for the fluid and granular phase.We find stepwise decreases in the total kinetic energy of the granular material.The stage of rapidly falling energy corresponds to large transverse changes in the direction of the massive granular particles.Moreover,in this stage,a major fraction of the granular kinetic energy transferred from the granular potential energy is lost or transferred.Interestingly,compared with dry granular flow,the existence of an ambient liquid seems to reduce the total dissipated energy,which may be the reason why previous studies observed similar granular runout distances in subaqueous and dry granular collapses.

Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hand, foot and mouth disease (2018 edition)

Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in childhood caused by an enterovirus (EV), and which is principally seen in children under 5 years of age. To promote diagnostic awareness and effective treat-ments, to further standardize and strengthen the clinical management and to reduce the mortality of HFMD, the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment have been developed. Methods National Health Commission of China assembled an expert committee for a revision of the guidelines. The com-mittee included 33 members who are specialized in diagnosis and treatment of HFMD. Results Early recognition of severe cases is utmost important in diagnosis and treatment of patients with HFMD. The key to diagnosis and treatment of severe cases lies in the timely and accurate recognition of stages 2 and 3 of HFMD, in order to stop progression to stage 4. Clinicians should particularly pay attention to those EV-A71 cases in children aged less than 3 years, and those with disease duration less than 3 days. The following indicators should alert the clinician of possible deterioration and impending critical disease: (1) persistent hyperthermia;(2) involvement of nervous system;(3) worsening respiratory rate and rhythm;(4) circulatory dysfunction;(5) elevated peripheral WBC count;(6) elevated blood glucose and (7) elevated blood lactic acid. For treatment, most mild cases can be treated as outpatients. Patients should be isolated to avoid cross-infection. Intense treatment modalities should be given for those severe cases. Conclusion The guidelines can provide systematic guidance on the diagnosis and management of HFMD.

Respiratory Failure, Hepatic Failure, and Hemoptysis with Thrombocytopenia in a 79-Year-Old Man

To the Editor： Langerhans cell histiocytosis （LCH） is a rare disease that usually occurs in the first two decades of life. Multisystem-LCH （MS-LCH） mainly affects youth. Bone, lung, and skin are the most common systems involved. Here, we report a case from China of MS-LCH in a 79-year-old patient with bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lung involvement, but without bone and skin involvement.

A Study on the Mechanism of the Protective Effect of GuangeFang on Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury

Objective:The objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of Guan Gefang(GGF);raw rhubarb 30 g,cassia arboreal 30 g,raw oyster 30 g,ground elm 60 g,and dandelion 30 g.kidney protection.Materials and Methods:Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group(Group N),a sepsis control group(Group S),and a sepsis+GGF group(Group G).For Group N,8 ml/kg 0.9%NaCl was used as an enema;for Group S,cecal ligation and puncture(CLP)method was used for modeling and 8 ml/kg 0.9%NaCl was used as an enema;and Group G,CLP was used for modeling and 8 ml/kg GGF was used as an enema.All of the enemas were applied once daily for 4 days.The indices of serum creatinine(SCr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),uric acid(UA),mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),Janus kinase 2(JAK2)were compared across each group.Results:Compared to Group S,Group G had lower levels of SCr,BUN,and UA(P<0.05),while the activities of mTOR and JAK2 were significantly inhibited.Conclusion:GGF may have inhibited the JAK2 or mTOR signaling pathways to protect the rats’kidneys,which had sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.