The development of functional relationships between the observed deposition rate and the experimental conditions is an important step toward understanding and optimizing low-pressure chemical vapor deposition(LPCVD)or...The development of functional relationships between the observed deposition rate and the experimental conditions is an important step toward understanding and optimizing low-pressure chemical vapor deposition(LPCVD)or low-pressure chemical vapor infiltration(LPCVI).In the field of ceramic matrix composites(CMCs),methyltrichlorosilane(CH3 SiCl3,MTS)is the most widely used source gas system for SiC,because stoichiometric SiC deposit can be facilitated at 900°C–1300°C.However,the reliability and accuracy of existing numerical models for these processing conditions are rarely reported.In this study,a comprehensive transport model was coupled with gas-phase and surface kinetics.The resulting gas-phase kinetics was confirmed via the measured concentration of gaseous species.The relationship between deposition rate and 24 gaseous species has been effectively evaluated by combining the special superiority of the novel extreme machine learning method and the conventional sticking coefficient method.Surface kinetics were then proposed and shown to reproduce the experimental results.The proposed simulation strategy can be used for different material systems.展开更多
The sintering-alloying processes of nickel(Ni),iron(Fe),and magnesium(Mg) with aluminum(Al) nanoparticles were studied by molecular dynamics simulation with the analytic embedded-atom model(AEAM) potential.Potential e...The sintering-alloying processes of nickel(Ni),iron(Fe),and magnesium(Mg) with aluminum(Al) nanoparticles were studied by molecular dynamics simulation with the analytic embedded-atom model(AEAM) potential.Potential energy,mean heterogeneous coordination number NAB,and surface atomic number Nsurf-A were used to monitor the sintering-reaction processes.The effects of surface segregation,heat of formation,and melting point on the sinteringalloying processes were discussed.Results revealed that sintering proceeded in two stages.First,atoms with low surface energy diffused onto the surface of atoms with high surface energy;second,metal atoms diffused with one another with increased system temperature to a threshold value.Under the same initial conditions,the sintering reaction rate of the three systems increased in the order MgAl <FeAl <NiAl.Depending on the initial reaction temperature,the final core-shell(FeAl and MgAl) and alloyed(NiAl and FeAl) nanoconfigurations can be observed.展开更多
This study investigates the in vitro degradation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite powder after heat treatment at different temperatures and analyzes the calculated phase composition,particle size distribution,degra...This study investigates the in vitro degradation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite powder after heat treatment at different temperatures and analyzes the calculated phase composition,particle size distribution,degradation rate,and bioactivity of the powder after heat treatment.A mixture of hydroxyapatite and𝛽-tricalcium phosphate(BCP)coatings was prepared on the surface of a 3D-printed hydroxyapatite-whisker-strengthened hydroxyapatite scaf-fold(HAw/HA)by vacuum impregnation and ultraviolet light curing combined with an optimized heat treatment process.The performance of the coatings under different methods was characterized.The composite scaffolds with highly interconnected pores and excellent mechanical properties were prepared,and their biodegradation performance,bioactivity,osteoconductivity,and osteoinductivity of the scaffolds were improved.The results showed that calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite began to transform into BCP between 600℃and 800℃,and the powder treated at 800℃has better bioactivity.The BCP coating prepared by light curing was more uniform,resulting in a higher interfacial bonding strength,and has better osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity than that prepared by vacuum impregnation.展开更多
The electronic,mechanical and optical properties of La-and Sc-doped Y2O3 were investigated using firstprinciples calculations.Two doping sites of Sc and La in Y2O3 were modeled.The calculated values of the energy of f...The electronic,mechanical and optical properties of La-and Sc-doped Y2O3 were investigated using firstprinciples calculations.Two doping sites of Sc and La in Y2O3 were modeled.The calculated values of the energy of formation show that the most energetically favorable site for a La atom in Y2O3 is a d-site Y atom,while for Sc a b-site Y atom is the more stable position.The calculated band gap shows a slight decrease with increasing La or Sc concentration.The calculated results for the mechanical and optical properties of Y(2-x)RxO3(R=Sc or La,0<x≤0.1875)show that La-or Sc-doped Y2O3 would have enhanced strength,and thus an ability of resisting external shocks,and increased hardness and mechanical toughness.These improved mechanical properties are achieved without sacrificing the optical properties of the doped compounds.So the doping of La or Sc in Y2O3 is permissible in the preparation of Y2O3 transparent ceramics,of course,doping of La or Sc will benefit the sintering of transparent ceramics.展开更多
Alumina ceramics with different sintering temperatures in argon atmosphere were obtained using stereolithography-based 3D printing.The effects of sintering temperature on microstructure and physical and mechanical pro...Alumina ceramics with different sintering temperatures in argon atmosphere were obtained using stereolithography-based 3D printing.The effects of sintering temperature on microstructure and physical and mechanical properties were investigated.The results show that the average particle size,shrinkage,bulk density,crystallite size,flexural strength,Vickers hardness,and nanoindentation hardness increased with the increase in sintering temperature,whereas the open porosity decreased with increasing sintering temperature.No change was observed in phase composition,chemical bond,atomic ratio,and surface roughness.For the sintered samples,the shrinkage in Z direction is much greater than that in X or Y direction.The optimum sintering temperature in argon atmosphere is 1350℃with a shrinkage of 3.0%,3.2%,and 5.5%in X,Y,and Z directions,respectively,flexural strength of 26.7 MPa,Vickers hardness of 198.5 HV,nanoindentation hardness of 33.1 GPa,bulk density of 2.5 g/cm^3,and open porosity of 33.8%.The optimum sintering temperature was 70℃higher than that sintering in air atmosphere when achieved the similar properties.展开更多
Semiconductor technology and packaging is advancing rapidly toward system integration where the packaging is co-designed and co-manufactured along with the wafer fabrication.However,materials issues,in particular the ...Semiconductor technology and packaging is advancing rapidly toward system integration where the packaging is co-designed and co-manufactured along with the wafer fabrication.However,materials issues,in particular the mesoscale microstructure,have to date been excluded from the integrated product design cycle of electronic packaging due to the myriad of materials used and the complex nature of the material phenomena that require a multiphysics approach to describe.In the context of the materials genome initiative,we present an overview of a series of studies that aim to establish the linkages between the material microstructure and its responses by considering the multiple perspectives of the various multiphysics fields.The microstructure was predicted using thermodynamic calculations,sharp interface kinetic models,phase field,and phase field crystal modelingtechniques.Based on the predicted mesoscale microstructure,linear elastic mechanical analyses and electromigration simulations on the ultrafine interconnects were performed.The microstructural index extracted by a method based on singular value decomposition exhibits a monotonous decrease with an increase in the interconnect size.An artificial neural network-based fitting revealed a nonlinear relationship between the microstructure index and the average von Mises stress in the ultrafine interconnects.Future work to address the randomness of microstructure and the resulting scatter in the reliability is discussed in this study.展开更多
In the present computational study,we found that Er:Lu_(2)O_(3)materials have promise for application in laser applications.The crystal structure and the electronic and optical properties of Er:Lu_(2)O_(3)materials we...In the present computational study,we found that Er:Lu_(2)O_(3)materials have promise for application in laser applications.The crystal structure and the electronic and optical properties of Er:Lu_(2)O_(3)materials were studied using first-principle calculations under the framework of density functional theory.Based on the experimental and calculated results,the structure of Lu_(2)O_(3)was established.The calculated results show that doping by Er^(3+)can effectively improve its absorption coefficient in the ultraviolet region and improve the static dielectric constant of Lu_(2)O_(3).As the doping concentration of Er^(3+)increases,the energy of the valence band electrons excited to the conduction band decreases,and the transition is more likely to occur.The absorption coefficient,reflectance,and electron energy loss spectroscopy are bathochromic shifted.The Lu_(2-x)Er_(x)O_(3)(0<x<0.09375)system still retains a low absorption coefficient reflectance in the mid-infrared and visible regions.Our calculations therefore show that rare earth doping can effectively regulate the electronic structure and optical properties of Lu_(2)O_(3).展开更多
Chemical vapor deposition is an important method for the preparation of boron carbide.Knowledge of the correlation between the phase composition of the deposit and the deposition conditions (temperature,inlet gas comp...Chemical vapor deposition is an important method for the preparation of boron carbide.Knowledge of the correlation between the phase composition of the deposit and the deposition conditions (temperature,inlet gas composition,total pressure,reactor configuration,and total flow rate) has not been completely determined.In this work,a novel approach to identify the kinetic mechanisms for the deposit composition is presented.Machine leaning (ML) and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques are utilized to identify core factors that influence the deposit composition.It has been shown that ML,combined with CFD,can reduce the prediction error from about 25% to 7%,compared with the ML approach alone.The sensitivity coefficient study shows that BHCl_(2 )and BCl_(3) produce the most boron atoms,while C_(2)H_(4) and CH_(4) are the main sources of carbon atoms.The new approach can accurately predict the deposited boron-carbon ratio and provide a new design solution for other multi-element systems.展开更多
Biomimetic scaffolds provide a suitable growth environment for tissue engineering and demonstrate good potential for application in biomedical fields.Different-sized copolymerized biomimetic scaffolds degrade differen...Biomimetic scaffolds provide a suitable growth environment for tissue engineering and demonstrate good potential for application in biomedical fields.Different-sized copolymerized biomimetic scaffolds degrade differently,and the degradation rate is affected by the copolymerization ratio.The study of the degradation property is the foundational research necessary for realizing individualized biomimetic scaffold design.The degradation performance of polyesters with different copolymerization ratios has been widely reported;however,the modeling of this performance has been rarely reported.In this research,the degradation of copolymers was studied with multi-scale modeling,in which the copolymers were dispersed in a cellular manner,the chain break time was simulated,and the chain selection was based on the Monte Carlo(MC)algorithm.The probability model of the copolymer's chain break position was established as a//roulette,/model,whose probability values were estimated by the calculation of the potential energy difference at different chain break positions by molecular dynamics that determined the position of chain shear,thereby fully realizing the simulation of the chain micro-break process.The diffusion of the oligomers was then calculated using the macro diffusion equation,and the degradation process of the copolymer was simulated by three-scale coupling calculations.The calculation results were in good agreement with the experimental data,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
The search for new materials requires effective methods for scanning the space of atomic configurations,in which the number is infinite.Here we present an extensive application of a topological network model of solid-...The search for new materials requires effective methods for scanning the space of atomic configurations,in which the number is infinite.Here we present an extensive application of a topological network model of solid-state transformations,which enables one to reduce this infinite number to a countable number of the regions corresponding to topologically different crystalline phases.We have used this model to successfully generate carbon allotropes starting from a very restricted set of initial structures;the generation procedure has required only three steps to scan the configuration space around the parents.As a result,we have obtained all known carbon structures within the specified set of restrictions and discovered 224 allotropes with lattice energy ranging in 0.16–1.76 eV atom^(−1) above diamond including a phase,which is denser and probably harder than diamond.We have shown that this phase has a quite different topological structure compared to the hard allotropes from the diamond polytypic series.We have applied the tiling approach to explore the topology of the generated phases in more detail and found that many phases possessing high hardness are built from the tiles confined by six-membered rings.We have computed the mechanical properties for the generated allotropes and found simple dependences between their density,bulk,and shear moduli.展开更多
We consider the multi-scale modeling of the isothermal chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process for the fabrication of C/SiC composites. We first present a microscopic model in which the preform is regarded as a two-...We consider the multi-scale modeling of the isothermal chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process for the fabrication of C/SiC composites. We first present a microscopic model in which the preform is regarded as a two-phase porous media describedby a dynamic pore-scale node-bond network during the fabrication process. We thendevelop a macroscopic model by a upscaling procedure based on the homogenizationtheory.展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grants No.2017YFB0703200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.51702100,51972268)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grants No.2018M643075)for financial support。
文摘The development of functional relationships between the observed deposition rate and the experimental conditions is an important step toward understanding and optimizing low-pressure chemical vapor deposition(LPCVD)or low-pressure chemical vapor infiltration(LPCVI).In the field of ceramic matrix composites(CMCs),methyltrichlorosilane(CH3 SiCl3,MTS)is the most widely used source gas system for SiC,because stoichiometric SiC deposit can be facilitated at 900°C–1300°C.However,the reliability and accuracy of existing numerical models for these processing conditions are rarely reported.In this study,a comprehensive transport model was coupled with gas-phase and surface kinetics.The resulting gas-phase kinetics was confirmed via the measured concentration of gaseous species.The relationship between deposition rate and 24 gaseous species has been effectively evaluated by combining the special superiority of the novel extreme machine learning method and the conventional sticking coefficient method.Surface kinetics were then proposed and shown to reproduce the experimental results.The proposed simulation strategy can be used for different material systems.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11572124 and 51871096)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(Grant Nos.2018JJ4044 and 2018JJ3100).
文摘The sintering-alloying processes of nickel(Ni),iron(Fe),and magnesium(Mg) with aluminum(Al) nanoparticles were studied by molecular dynamics simulation with the analytic embedded-atom model(AEAM) potential.Potential energy,mean heterogeneous coordination number NAB,and surface atomic number Nsurf-A were used to monitor the sintering-reaction processes.The effects of surface segregation,heat of formation,and melting point on the sinteringalloying processes were discussed.Results revealed that sintering proceeded in two stages.First,atoms with low surface energy diffused onto the surface of atoms with high surface energy;second,metal atoms diffused with one another with increased system temperature to a threshold value.Under the same initial conditions,the sintering reaction rate of the three systems increased in the order MgAl <FeAl <NiAl.Depending on the initial reaction temperature,the final core-shell(FeAl and MgAl) and alloyed(NiAl and FeAl) nanoconfigurations can be observed.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51972268 and 81860384).
文摘This study investigates the in vitro degradation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite powder after heat treatment at different temperatures and analyzes the calculated phase composition,particle size distribution,degradation rate,and bioactivity of the powder after heat treatment.A mixture of hydroxyapatite and𝛽-tricalcium phosphate(BCP)coatings was prepared on the surface of a 3D-printed hydroxyapatite-whisker-strengthened hydroxyapatite scaf-fold(HAw/HA)by vacuum impregnation and ultraviolet light curing combined with an optimized heat treatment process.The performance of the coatings under different methods was characterized.The composite scaffolds with highly interconnected pores and excellent mechanical properties were prepared,and their biodegradation performance,bioactivity,osteoconductivity,and osteoinductivity of the scaffolds were improved.The results showed that calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite began to transform into BCP between 600℃and 800℃,and the powder treated at 800℃has better bioactivity.The BCP coating prepared by light curing was more uniform,resulting in a higher interfacial bonding strength,and has better osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity than that prepared by vacuum impregnation.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51372203,51332004,51571166)
文摘The electronic,mechanical and optical properties of La-and Sc-doped Y2O3 were investigated using firstprinciples calculations.Two doping sites of Sc and La in Y2O3 were modeled.The calculated values of the energy of formation show that the most energetically favorable site for a La atom in Y2O3 is a d-site Y atom,while for Sc a b-site Y atom is the more stable position.The calculated band gap shows a slight decrease with increasing La or Sc concentration.The calculated results for the mechanical and optical properties of Y(2-x)RxO3(R=Sc or La,0<x≤0.1875)show that La-or Sc-doped Y2O3 would have enhanced strength,and thus an ability of resisting external shocks,and increased hardness and mechanical toughness.These improved mechanical properties are achieved without sacrificing the optical properties of the doped compounds.So the doping of La or Sc in Y2O3 is permissible in the preparation of Y2O3 transparent ceramics,of course,doping of La or Sc will benefit the sintering of transparent ceramics.
基金This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1106600)the Chinese National Foundation for Natural Sciences under Contracts(No.51672217).
文摘Alumina ceramics with different sintering temperatures in argon atmosphere were obtained using stereolithography-based 3D printing.The effects of sintering temperature on microstructure and physical and mechanical properties were investigated.The results show that the average particle size,shrinkage,bulk density,crystallite size,flexural strength,Vickers hardness,and nanoindentation hardness increased with the increase in sintering temperature,whereas the open porosity decreased with increasing sintering temperature.No change was observed in phase composition,chemical bond,atomic ratio,and surface roughness.For the sintered samples,the shrinkage in Z direction is much greater than that in X or Y direction.The optimum sintering temperature in argon atmosphere is 1350℃with a shrinkage of 3.0%,3.2%,and 5.5%in X,Y,and Z directions,respectively,flexural strength of 26.7 MPa,Vickers hardness of 198.5 HV,nanoindentation hardness of 33.1 GPa,bulk density of 2.5 g/cm^3,and open porosity of 33.8%.The optimum sintering temperature was 70℃higher than that sintering in air atmosphere when achieved the similar properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51004118)the Pearl River New Science Star Program of Guangzhou (2012J2200074)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (30000-4105346)the 100 Talents Program of Sun Yat-sen Universitythe Basic Research Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University (JCY20130114)
文摘Semiconductor technology and packaging is advancing rapidly toward system integration where the packaging is co-designed and co-manufactured along with the wafer fabrication.However,materials issues,in particular the mesoscale microstructure,have to date been excluded from the integrated product design cycle of electronic packaging due to the myriad of materials used and the complex nature of the material phenomena that require a multiphysics approach to describe.In the context of the materials genome initiative,we present an overview of a series of studies that aim to establish the linkages between the material microstructure and its responses by considering the multiple perspectives of the various multiphysics fields.The microstructure was predicted using thermodynamic calculations,sharp interface kinetic models,phase field,and phase field crystal modelingtechniques.Based on the predicted mesoscale microstructure,linear elastic mechanical analyses and electromigration simulations on the ultrafine interconnects were performed.The microstructural index extracted by a method based on singular value decomposition exhibits a monotonous decrease with an increase in the interconnect size.An artificial neural network-based fitting revealed a nonlinear relationship between the microstructure index and the average von Mises stress in the ultrafine interconnects.Future work to address the randomness of microstructure and the resulting scatter in the reliability is discussed in this study.
基金Project support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51372203.51332004,51571166).
文摘In the present computational study,we found that Er:Lu_(2)O_(3)materials have promise for application in laser applications.The crystal structure and the electronic and optical properties of Er:Lu_(2)O_(3)materials were studied using first-principle calculations under the framework of density functional theory.Based on the experimental and calculated results,the structure of Lu_(2)O_(3)was established.The calculated results show that doping by Er^(3+)can effectively improve its absorption coefficient in the ultraviolet region and improve the static dielectric constant of Lu_(2)O_(3).As the doping concentration of Er^(3+)increases,the energy of the valence band electrons excited to the conduction band decreases,and the transition is more likely to occur.The absorption coefficient,reflectance,and electron energy loss spectroscopy are bathochromic shifted.The Lu_(2-x)Er_(x)O_(3)(0<x<0.09375)system still retains a low absorption coefficient reflectance in the mid-infrared and visible regions.Our calculations therefore show that rare earth doping can effectively regulate the electronic structure and optical properties of Lu_(2)O_(3).
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFB0703200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51702100 and 51972268)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M643075)for the financial support.
文摘Chemical vapor deposition is an important method for the preparation of boron carbide.Knowledge of the correlation between the phase composition of the deposit and the deposition conditions (temperature,inlet gas composition,total pressure,reactor configuration,and total flow rate) has not been completely determined.In this work,a novel approach to identify the kinetic mechanisms for the deposit composition is presented.Machine leaning (ML) and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques are utilized to identify core factors that influence the deposit composition.It has been shown that ML,combined with CFD,can reduce the prediction error from about 25% to 7%,compared with the ML approach alone.The sensitivity coefficient study shows that BHCl_(2 )and BCl_(3) produce the most boron atoms,while C_(2)H_(4) and CH_(4) are the main sources of carbon atoms.The new approach can accurately predict the deposited boron-carbon ratio and provide a new design solution for other multi-element systems.
基金This paper is sponsored by the National Study Abroad Fund of China and supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB1002304).
文摘Biomimetic scaffolds provide a suitable growth environment for tissue engineering and demonstrate good potential for application in biomedical fields.Different-sized copolymerized biomimetic scaffolds degrade differently,and the degradation rate is affected by the copolymerization ratio.The study of the degradation property is the foundational research necessary for realizing individualized biomimetic scaffold design.The degradation performance of polyesters with different copolymerization ratios has been widely reported;however,the modeling of this performance has been rarely reported.In this research,the degradation of copolymers was studied with multi-scale modeling,in which the copolymers were dispersed in a cellular manner,the chain break time was simulated,and the chain selection was based on the Monte Carlo(MC)algorithm.The probability model of the copolymer's chain break position was established as a//roulette,/model,whose probability values were estimated by the calculation of the potential energy difference at different chain break positions by molecular dynamics that determined the position of chain shear,thereby fully realizing the simulation of the chain micro-break process.The diffusion of the oligomers was then calculated using the macro diffusion equation,and the degradation process of the copolymer was simulated by three-scale coupling calculations.The calculation results were in good agreement with the experimental data,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金V.A.B.,A.A.G.,and A.A.K.thank the Russian Science Foundation(grant No.16-13-10158)for support of developing the network topological modelC.Y.,D.T.,and Q.Z.thank the National Key R&D Program of China(grant No.2017YFB0703200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.51972268,51372203,and 51761135032)for the financial support.We also acknowledge the highperformance computing center of NWPU(China).
文摘The search for new materials requires effective methods for scanning the space of atomic configurations,in which the number is infinite.Here we present an extensive application of a topological network model of solid-state transformations,which enables one to reduce this infinite number to a countable number of the regions corresponding to topologically different crystalline phases.We have used this model to successfully generate carbon allotropes starting from a very restricted set of initial structures;the generation procedure has required only three steps to scan the configuration space around the parents.As a result,we have obtained all known carbon structures within the specified set of restrictions and discovered 224 allotropes with lattice energy ranging in 0.16–1.76 eV atom^(−1) above diamond including a phase,which is denser and probably harder than diamond.We have shown that this phase has a quite different topological structure compared to the hard allotropes from the diamond polytypic series.We have applied the tiling approach to explore the topology of the generated phases in more detail and found that many phases possessing high hardness are built from the tiles confined by six-membered rings.We have computed the mechanical properties for the generated allotropes and found simple dependences between their density,bulk,and shear moduli.
基金The work of Yue is supported in part by NSF of China under the grant 10871190 and the National Basic Research Program under the Grant 2005CB321704The work of Zeng is supported in part by Flying Star Program of Northwestern Polytechnical University and NSF of China under the Grant 50802076.
文摘We consider the multi-scale modeling of the isothermal chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process for the fabrication of C/SiC composites. We first present a microscopic model in which the preform is regarded as a two-phase porous media describedby a dynamic pore-scale node-bond network during the fabrication process. We thendevelop a macroscopic model by a upscaling procedure based on the homogenizationtheory.