Phenolic compounds as natural feed additives in poultry and swine diets:a review

Due to ban on using antibiotics in feed industry,awareness of using natural feed additives have led to a great demand.The interest of plants phenolic compounds as a potential natural antioxidant source has been considered in research community due to their predictable potential role as feed additives in poultry and swine production.However,the mode of action for their functional role and dosage recommendation in animal diets are still remain indistinct.Taking into account,the present review study highlights an outline about the mode of action of phenolic compound and their experimental uses in poultry and swine focusing on the growth performance,antioxidant function,immune function,antimicrobial role and overall health status,justified with the past findings till to date.Finally,the present review study concluded that supplementation of phenolic compounds as natural feed additives may have a role on the antioxidant,immunity,antimicrobial and overall production performance in poultry and swine.

Impact of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran on serum biochemical profile,inflammatory responses and gut microbiota in sows during late gestation and lactation

Background:Sows are frequently subjected to various stresses during late gestation and lactation,which trigger inflammatory response and metabolic disorders.Dietary fiber can influence animal health by modulating gut microbiota and their by-products,with the effects depending upon the source of the dietary fiber.This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of different fiber sources on body condition,serum biochemical parameters,inflammatory responses and fecal microbiota in sows from late gestation to lactation.Methods:Forty-five multiparous sows(Yorkshire×Landrace;3–6 parity)were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments from d 85 of gestation to the end of lactation(d 21 post-farrowing):a control diet(CON,a corn-soybean meal diet),a sugar beet pulp diet(SBP,20%SBP during gestation and 10%SBP during lactation),and a wheat bran diet(WB,30%WB during gestation and 15%WB during lactation).Results:Compared with CON,supplementation of SBP decreased(P<0.05)lactation BW loss,reduced(P<0.05)serum concentration of total cholesterol,non-esterified fatty acids,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α,and increased(P<0.05)fecal water content on d 110 of gestation and d 21 of lactation,while supplementation of WB reduced(P<0.05)serum concentration of total cholesterol on d 110 of gestation,increased(P<0.05)fecal water content and decreased(P<0.05)serum interleukin-6 concentration on d 110 of gestation and d 21 of lactation.In addition,sows fed SBP had lower(P<0.01)abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Terrisporobacter than those fed CON,but had greater(P<0.05)abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 than those fed the other two diets on d 110 of gestation.On d 21 of lactation,supplementation of SBP decreased(P<0.05)the abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus,but enriched(P<0.05)the abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group,Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group,Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002,Prevotellaceae_UCG_001 and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae compared with WB.Compared with CON,sows fed SBP had greater(P<0.05)fecal concentrations of acetate,butyrate and total SCFAs during gestation and lactation,while sows fed WB only had greater(P<0.05)fecal concentration of butyrate during lactation.Conclusions:Supplementation of dietary fiber during late gestation and lactation could improve sow metabolism and gut health,and SBP was more effective than WB.

Mixed organic acids as an alternative to antibiotics improve serum biochemical parameters and intestinal health of weaned piglets

The primary aim of this experiment was to critically explore the relationship between the different levels of mixed organic acids(MOA)and growth performance,serum antioxidant status and intestinal health of weaned piglets,as well as to investigate the potential possibility of MOA alternative to antibiotics growth promoters(AGP).A total of 180 healthy piglets(Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire];weighing 7.81±1.51 kg each,weaned at d 28)were randomly divided into 5 treatments:1)basal diet(CON);2)CON+chlorinomycin(75 mg/kg)+virginiamycin(15 mg/kg)+guitaromycin(50 mg/kg)(AGP);3)CON+MOA(3,000 mg/kg)(OA1);4)CON+MOA(5,000 mg/kg)(OA2);5)CON+MOA(7,000 mg/kg)(OA3).This study design included 6 replicates per treatment with 6 piglets per pen(barrow:gilt=1:1)and the experiment was separated into phase 1(d 1 to 14)and phase 2(d 15 to 28).In phases 1,2 and overall,compared with the CON,the feed conversion ratio(FCR)was reduced(P<0.01)and the average daily gain(ADG)was increased(P<0.05)in piglets supplemented with AGP,OA1 and OA2.The con-centration of serum immunoglobulins G(IgG)was improved(P<0.05)in piglets supplemented with OA2 in phase 2.In the jejunum and ileum,the villus height:crypt depth ratio was significantly increased(P<0.01)in piglets fed AGP and OA1.The mRNA expression level of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)(P<0.01)was up-regulated in piglets supplemented with OA1 and OA2.The piglets fed AGP,OA1 and OA2 showed an increase(P<0.05)in the content of acetate acid and total volatile fatty acids(TVFA)in the cecum,and butyric acid and TVFA in the colon compared with CON.Also,OA1 lowered(P<0.05)the content of Lachnospiraceae in piglets.These results demonstrated that MOA at 3,000 or 5,000 mg/kg could be an alternative to antibiotics due to the positive effects on performance,immune parameters,and intestinal health of weaned piglets.However,from the results of the quadratic fitting curve,it is inferred that MOA at a dose of 4,000 mg/kg may produce a better effect.

Source of fiber influences growth,immune responses,gut barrier function and microbiota in weaned piglets fed antibiotic-free diets

This study examined the impacts of different fiber sources on growth,immune status and gut health in weaned piglets fed antibiotic-free diets.Sixty piglets(BW=8.18±1.35 kg)were assigned to 3 dietary treatments based on BW and gender in a randomized complete block design(5 replicates/treatment and 4 piglets[2 barrows and 2 gilts]/replicate):(1)an antibiotic-free diet(control,CON);(2)CON+6%wheat bran(WB);(3)CON+4%sugar beet pulp(SBP).Dietary WB supplementation tended to increase ADG compared with CON from d 1 to 14(P-0.051)and from d 1 to 28(P-0.099).Supplementation of WB increased(P<0.05)G∶F compared with CON and SBP from d 1 to 14 and from d 1 to 28.Compared with CON,the addition of WB reduced(P<0.05)diarrhea rate from d 1 to 14 and tended(P=0.054)to reduce diarrhea rate from d 1 to 28.The addition of WB decreased(P<0.05)serum diamine oxidase activity on d 14,and up-regulated(P<0.05)ileal mRNA levels of occludin on d 28 when compared with CON.Piglets fed WB showed decreased(P<0.05)serum interleukin-6 levels compared to those fed SBP and decreased(P<0.05)ileal interleukin-8 levels compared to those fed CON and SBP on d 28.Supple-mentation of WB increased(P<0.05)serum levels of immunoglobulin A(IgA),IgG and IgM compared with SBP on d 14,and increased(P<0.05)the levels of serum IgA and ileal sIgA compared with CON and SBP on d 28.Piglets fed WB showed an enhanced(P<0.05)α-diversity of cecal microbiota than those fed SBP,while piglets fed SBP showed reduced(P<0.05)α-diversity of cecal microbiota than those fed CON.Compared with CON,the addition of WB elevated(P<0.05)the abundance of Lachnospira and cecal butyric acid level.Piglets fed WB also showed increased(P<0.05)abundances of Lachnospira and unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae compared with those fed SBP.Collectively,the supplementation of WB to antibiotic-free diets improved performance,immune responses,gut barrier function and microbiota compared with the CON and SBP fed piglets.Therefore,supplementing weaned piglets with WB was more effective than SBP.