Preparation and Applications of Soybean Residue CNF Films

In this study, soybean residues were treated with HCl and soybean residue cellulose was extracted, which was used to prepare cellulose nanofiber (CNF) using the high-pressure homogenization method. The maximum yield of CNF, the reaction temperature, reaction time, and HCl concentration were optimized. The optimum HCl concentration for acid treatment was 6%, the reaction time was 60 min, the reaction temperature was 80℃, and the maximum yield of soybean residue cellulose was 78.8%. The different CNF films were then prepared;the color, mechanical property, and light transmittance of the CNF films were studied. Compared to the properties of the CNF film prepared with the soybean residue cellulose by high-pressure homogenization 15 times (HGT-15 film), the mechanical properties of the CNF film with soybean residue cellulose by decolorizing treatment decreased, but the light transmittance increased. The film prepared by adding HGT- 15 CNF to whey protein was investigated for its mechanical property, light transmittance, and solubility. Unlike the pure whey protein film, addition of 2.0% CNF to the whey protein enhanced the mechanical property and water vapor transmission rate (WVT) of the film. With the increase in CNF content, the solubility of the whey protein film decreased, and then stabilized.

Effect of High Pressure Homogenization Treatment on Structure and Properties of Soybean Residue Cellulose Nanofibers

To reduce the adverse effects of non-cellulose materials on subsequent homogenization,the effects of a high-pressure homogenization treatment on the structure and properties of cellulose nanofibers(CNF)prepared by acid treatment of soybean residue were studied.The effects of the number of homogenization step on the microfibrillation degree,crystalline structure and mechanical properties of the soybean residue were analyzed by SEM,FT-IR,XRD,TG and DTG.The results showed that an increase in the number of homogenization steps led to an increase in the degree of microfibrillation,a more uniform distribution of the CNF diameter,and an increase in the crystallinity of CNF.However,but when the number of homogenization steps exceeded 15,the rate of change decreased,and the crystallinity of CNF decreased.As the number of homogenization steps increased,the average degree of polymerization and average molecular weight of CNF decreased continuously,and after 15 homogenization steps,their rate of change also decreased.Therefore,15 steps of high-pressure homogenization represented a suitable number of steps to prepare the soybean residue CNF with an average diameter of 15 nm.

D53 represses rice blast resistance by directly targeting phenylalanine ammonia lyases

Phytohormones play important roles in orchestrating plantimmune responses to pathogen attacks.Strigolactones(SLs),a group of carotenoid-derived phytohormones,modulate diverse biological processes in plants,including shoot branching,plant height,root architecture,leaf senescence,seed germination of parasitic plants,and symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(Burger and Chory,2020).Recently,increasing evidence has indicated potential roles for SLs in regulating responses against biotic stresses,including defense responses against certain pathogenic fungi and bacteria in roots and leaves(Yi et al.,2023).

Cell wall associated immunity in plants

The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens.The plant cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent infection by pathogens.In this review,we summarize advances on relationship between cell wall and immunity in plants.In particular,we outline current progresses regarding the regulation of the cell wall components,including cellulose,hemicellulose,pectin and lignin,on plant disease resistance.We also discuss the impacts of cell wall-derived cellodextrin,oligogalacturonic acid and xyloglucan/xylan oligosaccharides as potent elicitors or signal molecules to trigger plant immune response.We further propose future studies on dissecting the molecular regulation of cell wall on plant immunity,which have potentials in practical application of crop breeding aiming at improvement of plant disease resistance.

A novel and powerful approach for designing future crops—target editing promoter overcomes tradeoffs caused by gene pleiotropy

Over the past decades,crop breeding has undergone genetic improvement through semi-dwarfness,heterosis,and ideal plant architecture,which increases yield tremendously to feed the growing population worldwide.However,crop breeding is still largely constrained by tradeoffs among different agronomic traits,such as negative correlation between seed size and number.