Polymorphism study of nine SNPs associated with subjective response to alcohol in Chinese Han, Hui, Tibetan, Mongolian and Uygur populations

Heavy alcohol drinking is a major public health problem,causing a large disease,social and economic burden in societies.Subjective response (SR) to alcohol is an intermediate characteristic of heavy drinking.A variety of candidate genes have been reported to be associated with SR to alcohol.In this study,we investigated nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to SR to alcohol in healthy individuals from five Chinese ethnic groups,the Han,Hui,Tibetan,Mongolian and Uygur populations,and a total of 584 bloodstain samples were collected.The nine SNPs included four SNPs in alcohol-metabolizing genes (ADH1B,ADH1C,ALDH2 and CYP2E1*5B) and five SNPs in genes of neurobiological pathways (GABRA2,OPRM1,CHRNA3,HYKK and SLC6A4).A SNaPshot analysis method was developed to type these SNPs simultaneously,and all samples were typed successfully.Statistical analyses of the allele frequencies indicated that the frequencies of all SNPs,except for ADH1C,showed varying degrees of difference in the five studied ethnic groups.Tibetans showed the highest frequencies of risk alleles for heavy drinking at most loci.The genetic polymorphic differences found in this study revealed the variation in genetic susceptibility to heavy drinking in the studied populations.

Determination of Chlorpyrifos in Human Blood by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of chlorpyrifos in human blood samples.The chlorpyrifos and parathion(internal standard)in human blood were extracted with a mixed solvent of hexane and acetonitrile.Chlorpyrifos was well separated from the internal standard.The linear range of chlorpyrifos was 0.01-2 μg/ml in blood.The limit of detection and limit of quantification were estimated at 0.002 and 0.01μg/ml,respectively.The inter-and intra-day precisions,accuracy,and recovery were assessed to verify this method.The results showed that the developed method is rapid,sensitive,and reliable.It is suitable for the determination of chlorpyrifos in forensic toxicological analysis and clinical diagnosis.

Metabolomic Analysis of the Brain and Blood from Rats Exposed to High‑dose Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide used to kill pests such as insects and worms.Wide use of chlorpyrifos has led to serious safety concerns worldwide.Research on the mechanism of action of chlorpyrifos poisoning is continuing.We investigated changes in the small‑molecular metabolites in the brain and blood of rats upon exposure to chlorpyrifos at an acute‑poisoning dose.Rats were given twice the lowest dose of chlorpyrifos that is lethal for 100%of exposed animals(2×LD_(100))and then killed after 2 h.After treatment,gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry was used to analyze the metabolomic changes in the brain and blood samples of rats.An increase in blood levels of creatinine and uric acid were noted,along with a decrease in levels of various amino acids.These changes suggested that chlorpyrifos exposure may damage kidney function and cause disorders in amino‑acid metabolism of rats.Decreased concentrations of gamma‑aminobutyric acid and niacinamide in the brain and increased concentrations of 3‑hydroxybutyric acid in rats with acute poisoning by chlorpyrifos were observed,which may suggest oxidative damage in the body.