The first chromosome-level Fallopia multiflora genome assembly provides insights into stilbene biosynthesis

Fallopia multiflora(Thunb.)Harald,a vine belonging to the Polygonaceae family,is used in traditional medicine.The stilbenes contained in it have significant pharmacological activities in anti-oxidation and anti-aging.This study describes the assembly of the F.multiflora genome and presents its chromosome-level genome sequence containing 1.46 gigabases of data(with a contig N50 of 1.97 megabases),1.44 gigabases of which was assigned to 11 pseudochromosomes.Comparative genomics confirmed that F.multiflora shared a whole-genome duplication event with Tartary buckwheat and then underwent different transposon evolution after separation.Combining genomics,transcriptomics,and metabolomics data to map a network of associated genes and metabolites,we identified two FmRS genes responsible for the catalysis of one molecule of p-coumaroyl-CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA to resveratrol in F.multiflora.These findings not only serve as the basis for revealing the stilbene biosynthetic pathway but will also contribute to the development of tools for increasing the production of bioactive stilbenes through molecular breeding in plants or metabolic engineering in microbes.Moreover,the reference genome of F.multiflora is a useful addition to the genomes of the Polygonaceae family.

Hypoglycemic mechanism of polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves in type 2 diabetic rats by gut microbiota and host metabolism alteration

Diabetes mellitus is a serious threat to human health.Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal.)Iljinskaja(C.paliurus)is one of the traditional herbal medicine and food in China for treating type 2 diabetes,and the C.paliurus polysaccharides(CP)were found to be one of its major functional constituents.This research aimed at investigating the hypoglycemic mechanism for CP.It was found that CP markedly attenuated the symptoms of diabetes,and inhibited the protein expression of Bax,improved the expression of Bcl-2 in pancreas of diabetic rats,normalized hormones secretion and controlled the inflammation which contributed to the regeneration of pancreaticβ-cell and insulin resistance.CP treatment increased the beneficial bacteria genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 which was reported to be a key genus for protecting against diabetes,and the fecal short-chain fatty acids levels were elevated.Uric metabolites analysis showed that CP treatment helped to protect with the diabetes by seven significantly improved pathways closely with the nutrition metabolism(amino acids and purine)and energy metabolism(TCA cycle),which could help to build up the intestinal epithelial cell defense for the inflammation associated with the diabetes.Our study highlights the specific mechanism of prebiotics to attenuate diabetes through multi-path of gut microbiota and host metabolism.