Interleukin-25 in sputum as a marker of airway inflammation in children asthma

Dear Editor,Interleukin-25(IL-25,also called IL-17E)is an important IL-17 family member that helps initialize and regulate type 2 immunity,exerting an important influence on the pathogenesis of asthma(Corrigan et al.,2011;Barlow et al.,2012).Furthermore,it plays a vital role in initiating type 2 innate lymphoid cell activation and maintenance(Tong and Li,2018)and inducing Th2-type cytokine-mediated allergic airway eosinophilia(Morita et al.,2015).IL-25 expression increases in patients with asthma in different types of lung cells,including lung structural cells(such as endothelium and airway epithelium),eosinophils,T-cells,and mast cells.Following allergen exposure,cells in the bronchial submucosa increase and secrete or respond to IL-25(Corrigan et al.,2011).Plasma IL-25 levels increase in patients with asthma and correlate with lung function(Cheng et al.,2014).The association between IL-25 cells and pulmonary function indicates that IL-25 could be used to monitor asthma severity.In some mouse models,epithelial IL-25 cytokines are closely related with a range of airway inflammation modalities,including type 2 cytokine production,airway eosinophil inflammation,mucinous epithelial metaplasia,and airway hyperresponsiveness(AHR)(Suzukawa et al.,2012).

Interface engineering of snow-like Ru/RuO2 nanosheets for boosting hydrogen electrocatalysis

Ru has recently been regarded as a promising catalyst for hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) due to its similar binding energy towards *H but lower price compared to Pt.Nevertheless, the quest of high-efficiency Ru-based catalysts for HOR and HER is driven by the current disadvantages including low activity and unsatisfactory stability. Herein, we have fabricated and engineered two-dimensional(2D) Ru-based snow-like nanosheets with Ru/Ru O2interface(Ru/Ru O2SNSs)via a post-annealing treatment. Detailed characterizations and theoretical calculations indicate that the interfacial synergy, which is dependent on the temperature for annealing, can alter the hydrogen binding energy(HBE) and hydroxide binding energy(OHBE), as a result of the enhanced HOR and HER performance. Impressively, the optimal Ru/RuO_(2) SNSs display a mass activity of 9.13 A mgRu^(–1) at an overpotential of 50 m V in 0.1 mol L^(–1) KOH for HOR, which is 65, 304, and 21 times higher than those of Ru SNSs(0.14 A mg_(Ru)^(–1)), RuO_(2) SNSs(0.03 A mg_(Ru)^(–1)), and commercial Pt/C(0.43 A mg_(Ru)^(–1)), respectively.Moreover, Ru/RuO_(2) SNSs display improved HER activity with a low overpotential of 20.2 m V for achieving10 m A cm^(-2)in 1 mol L^(–1)KOH. This work not only provides an efficient catalyst for HOR and HER, but also promotes fundamental research on the fabrication and modification of catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis.