Collision off-axis position dependence of relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of an excited electron in a tightly focused circular polarized laser pulse

This paper presents a novel view of the impact of electron collision off-axis positions on the dynamic properties and relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of excited electrons within tightly focused, circularly polarized laser pulses of varying intensities. We examine the effects of the transverse ponderomotive force, specifically how the deviation angle and speed of electron motion are affected by the initial off-axis position of the electron and the peak amplitude of the laser pulse. When the laser pulse intensity is low, an increase in the electron's initial off-axis distance results in reduced spatial radiation power, improved collimation, super-continuum phenomena generation, red-shifting of the spectrum's harmonic peak, and significant symmetry in the radiation radial direction. However, in contradiction to conventional understandings,when the laser pulse intensity is relatively high, the properties of the relativistic nonlinear Thomson inverse scattering of the electron deviate from the central axis, changing direction in opposition to the aforementioned effects. After reaching a peak, these properties then shift again, aligning with the previous direction. The complex interplay of these effects suggests a greater nuance and intricacy in the relationship between laser pulse intensity, electron position, and scattering properties than previously thought.

Privacy Preserving Demand Side Management Method via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

The smart grid utilizes the demand side management technology to motivate energy users towards cutting demand during peak power consumption periods, which greatly improves the operation efficiency of the power grid. However, as the number of energy users participating in the smart grid continues to increase, the demand side management strategy of individual agent is greatly affected by the dynamic strategies of other agents. In addition, the existing demand side management methods, which need to obtain users’ power consumption information,seriously threaten the users’ privacy. To address the dynamic issue in the multi-microgrid demand side management model, a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning method based on centralized training and decentralized execution paradigm is presented to mitigate the damage of training performance caused by the instability of training experience. In order to protect users’ privacy, we design a neural network with fixed parameters as the encryptor to transform the users’ energy consumption information from low-dimensional to high-dimensional and theoretically prove that the proposed encryptor-based privacy preserving method will not affect the convergence property of the reinforcement learning algorithm. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed demand side management scheme with the real-world energy consumption data of Xi’an, Shaanxi, China. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve users’ satisfaction while reducing the bill payment compared with traditional reinforcement learning(RL) methods(i.e., deep Q learning(DQN), deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG),QMIX and multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient(MADDPG)). The results also demonstrate that the proposed privacy protection scheme can effectively protect users’ privacy while ensuring the performance of the algorithm.

Privacy Preservation of Smart Meters Based on Identity Authentication

Smart meters provide a lot of convenience for both power supply and consumption. Due to the frequent transmission of information, it brings great challenges to the privacy preservation of the user’s household power consumption data in the smart grid. In order to achieve the anonymity of smart meters. A smart meter privacy preservation scheme based on identity authentication is proposed. The third-party certification authority is introduced in this scheme;it issues pseudonym certificates to realize the identity privacy preservation of smart meters. The masking technology with the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm is used for data aggregation. The results show that our scheme reduces the computational cost and the communication overhead.

PLX8394,a RAF inhibitor,inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by blocking RAF/MEK/ERK signaling

Enterovirus 71(EV71)poses a serious threat to human health,with scattered outbreaks worldwide.There are several vaccines against a few EV71 strains but no efficient drug for the treatment of EV71 infection.Therefore,it is urgent and of significance to develop anti-EV71 drugs.Here,we found that PLX8394,a RAF inhibitor,possesses high antiviral activity against EV71 in vitro,being superior to the traditional clinical drug ribavirin.Moreover,PLX8394 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enteroviruses.Notably,in a suckling mouse model,PLX8394 provided a 70%protection rate for EV71-infected mice,reduced the viral load in liver and heart tissues,and relieved the inflammatory response.A mechanistic study showed that PLX8394 inhibited EV71 by suppressing the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.Thus,PLX8394 lays a foundation for the development of new drugs against EV71.

Microwave assisted synthesis of PQ-GDY@NH_(2)-UIO-66(Zr) for improved photocatalytic removal of NOx under visible light

Pyrazinoquinoxaline-based graphdiyne (PQ-GDY) contains a fixed number of sp-sp2hybridized carbon atoms and pyrazine-like sp2hybridized N atoms.In this paper,NH_(2)-UIO-66(Zr) on PQ-GDY substrate was successfully constructed with the help of microwaveassisted heating.PQ-GDY surface acts as a microwave antenna under microwave irradiation to rapidly absorb microwave energy and form hot spots (hot spot effect),which facilitates the formation of well-dispersed NH2-UIO-66(Zr) with good crystallinity.Transient absorption spectra show that high hole transport property of PQ-GDY can accelerate the migration of photogenerated holes from NH2-UIO-66(Zr) to PQ-GDY and greatly reduce the recombination rate of photogenerated electrons and holes due to the strong interaction between PQ-GDY and NH2-UIO-66(Zr).Under visible light (λ≥420 nm),PQ-GDY@NH_(2)-UIO-66(Zr) shows high photocatalytic stability and high NO_(x)removal rate up to 74%,which is 44% higher than that of primitive NH_(2)-UIO-66(Zr).At the same time,it inhibits the formation of toxic byproducts (NO2) and limits its concentration to a low level.

Alterations in Phenotypes and Responses of T Cells Within 6 Months of Recovery from COVID-19: A Cohort Study

The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection,is a global health crisis.While many patients have clinically recovered,little is known about long-term alterations in T cell responses of COVID-19 convalescents.In this study,T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a long-time COVID-19 clinically recovered(20–26 weeks)cohort(LCR)were measured via flow cytometry and ELISpot.The T cell responses of LCR were comparatively analyzed against an age and sex matched short-time clinically recovered(4–9 weeks)cohort(SCR)and a healthy donor cohort(HD).All volunteers were recruited from Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital,China.Phenotypic analysis showed that activation marker PD-1 expressing on CD4^(+)T cells of LCR was still significantly lower than that of HD.Functional analysis indicated that frequencies of Tc2,Th2 and Th17 in LCR were comparable to those of HD,but Tc17 was higher than that of HD.In LCR,compared to the HD,there were fewer IFN-c producing T cells but more IL-2 secreting T cells.In addition,the circulating Tfh cells in LCR were still slightly lower compared to HD,though the subsets composition had recovered.Remarkably,SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in LCR were comparable to that of SCR.Collectively,T cell responses experienced long-term alterations in phenotype and functional potential of LCR cohort.However,after clinical recovery,SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses could be sustained at least for six months,which may be helpful in resisting re-infection。

Longitudinal Characteristics of T Cell Responses in Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Dear Editor,SARS-Co V-2 causes a spectrum of illness,ranging from an asymptomatic state to life-threatening multi-organ failure,and imposes a high socioeconomic burden on its sufferers and on society(Chen et al.2020;Pan et al.2020).

Broad phenotypic alterations and potential dysfunction of lymphocytes in individuals clinically recovered from COVID-19

Although millions of patients have clinically recovered from COVID-19,little is known about the immune status of lymphocytes in these individuals.In this study,the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a clinically recovered(CR)cohort were comparatively analyzed with those of an age-and sex-matched healthy donor cohort.We found that CD8^(+)T cells in the CR cohort had higher numbers of effector T cells and effector memory T cells but lower Tc1(IFN-γ^(+)),Tc2(IL-4^(+)),and Tc17(IL-17A^(+))cell frequencies.The CD4^(+)T cells of the CR cohort were decreased in frequency,especially the central memory T cell subset.Moreover,CD4^(+)T cells in the CR cohort showed lower programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)expression and had lower frequencies of Th1(IFN-γ^(+)),Th2(IL-4^(+)),Th17(IL-17A^(+)),and circulating follicular helper T(CXCR5^(+)PD-1^(+))cells.Accordingly,the proportion of isotype-switched memory B cells(IgM−CD20^(hi))among B cells in the CR cohort showed a significantly lower proportion,although the level of the activation marker CD71 was elevated.For CD3−HLA-DR−lymphocytes in the CR cohort,in addition to lower levels of IFN-γ,granzyme B and T-bet,the correlation between T-bet and IFN-γ was not observed.Additionally,by taking into account the number of days after discharge,all the phenotypes associated with reduced function did not show a tendency toward recovery within 4-11 weeks.The remarkable phenotypic alterations in lymphocytes in the CR cohort suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection profoundly affects lymphocytes and potentially results in dysfunction even after clinical recovery.

Feasibility Study of Mixing Throat Swab Samples for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Screening

Dear Editor,The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization(WHO)and has resulted in the worst public health crisis since World War II(Wang et al.2020).