Formation and growth of nanophase iron particles on the surface of Mercury revealed by experimental study

Space weathering is a primary factor in altering the composition and spectral characteristics of surface materials on airless planets.However,current research on space weathering focuses mainly on the Moon and certain types of asteroids.In particular,the impacts of meteoroids and micrometeoroids,radiation from solar wind/solar flares/cosmic rays,and thermal fatigue due to temperature variations are being studied.Space weathering produces various transformation products such as melted glass,amorphous layers,iron particles,vesicles,and solar wind water.These in turn lead to soil maturation,changes in visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra(weakening of characteristic absorption peaks,decreased reflectance,increased near-infrared slope),and alterations in magnetism(related to small iron particles),collectively termed the“lunar model”of space weathering transformation.Compared to the Moon and asteroids,Mercury has unique spatial environmental characteristics,including more intense meteoroid impacts and solar thermal radiation,as well as a weaker particle radiation environment due to the global distribution of its magnetic field.Therefore,the lunar model of space weathering may not apply to Mercury.Previous studies have extensively explored the eff ects of micrometeoroid impacts.Hence,this work focuses on the eff ects of solar-wind particle radiation in global magnetic-field distribution and on the weathering transformation of surface materials on Mercury under prolonged intense solar irradiation.Through the utilization of highvalence state,heavy ion implantation,and vacuum heating simulation experiments,this paper primarily investigates the weathering transformation characteristics of the major mineral components such as anorthite,pyroxene,and olivine on Mercury’s surface and compares them to the weathering transformation model of the Moon.The experimental results indicate that ion implantation at room temperature is insufficient to generate np-Fe^(0)directly but can facilitate its formation,while prolonged exposure to solar thermal radiation on Mercury’s surface can lead directly to the formation of np-Fe^(0).Therefore,intense solar thermal radiation is a crucial component of the unique space weathering transformation process on Mercury’s surface.

Thermodynamic and kinetic roles of H2 in structure evolution of urchin-like Co:A density functional theory study

Small gas molecules acting as good capping agents play important roles in controlling the morphologies and surface structures of metal nanocrystals.In the present work,the thermodynamic and kinetic roles of H2 molecules in the morphology of Co nanocrystals were systematically studied by density functional theory(DFT).The Gibbs surface free energies of Co(100),Co(110),and Co(111)at different hydrogen surface coverages were determined by ab initio thermodynamics.The phase diagram of stable H coverage on each plane was obtained and morphology evolution of the Co nanocrystals with various surface hydrogen coverages was predicted by the Wulff construction.Addition of H2 changes the facet stability,generating diverse morphological Co nuclei.The kinetic role of H2 in adatom Co surface diffusion at different H coverages was investigated by DFT.The results suggest that surface H hinders Co surface diffusions,except for Co(100)at 0.56 monolayer coverage.The projected density of states gives deeper insight into the electronic structures of Co adatoms with addition of the surface H atoms,which affect its surface diffusion ability.