Carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sinks reduce the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration and global warming. However, uncertainty still exists in the estimation results of carbonate rock che...Carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sinks reduce the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration and global warming. However, uncertainty still exists in the estimation results of carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink fluxes(CCSF), and the contributions of climate change and ecological restoration to the CCSF are not clear. To this end, we compiled published site data on ion concentrations in different watersheds in China and used a classical thermodynamic dissolution model to reassess the potential and spatial and temporal patterns of the CCSF in China from 1991 to 2020. We quantified the contributions of temperature(MAT), precipitation(MAP), evapotranspiration(ET), soil water(SM), and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) to the CCSF. The results revealed that(1) China's CCSF was 22.76 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1), which was higher than the global average(15.77 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)). The total carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink(CCS) was 4772.67×10^(4)t CO_(2), contributing 14.91% of the global CCS through a carbonate rock area of 252.98×10^(4)km^(-2).(2) China's CCSF decreased gradually from southeast to northwest, with values of 33.14, 12.93, and7.27 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)in the southern karst, Qinghai-Tibetan karst, and northern karst regions, respectively.(3) The overall CCSF in China exhibited an increasing trend from 1991 to 2020, with a rate of increase of 0.16 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1).(4) The contributions of the MAP, MAT, ET, SM, and NDVI to the CCSF were 63.3%, 3.02%, 27.5%, 3.1%, and 3.05%, respectively. Among them, the increase in precipitation was the main contributor to the increase in the CCSF in China over the last 30 years, while the enhancement of ET offset part of the positive contribution of the increase in precipitation to the CCSF. In conclusion, the results of this study provide a systematic quantification of the magnitude, the patterns, and the influencing factors of CCS over a long time series in China. The results are of great significance and provide a reference for the diagnosis and gap analysis of the national and global carbon neutrality capacities.展开更多
Introduction:Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious,seasonal viral disease caused by any of three poliovirus(PV)serotypes(types 1,2,or 3).Oral poliovirus vaccine(OPV)on rare occasions causes vaccineassociated paralytic ...Introduction:Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious,seasonal viral disease caused by any of three poliovirus(PV)serotypes(types 1,2,or 3).Oral poliovirus vaccine(OPV)on rare occasions causes vaccineassociated paralytic poliomyelitis(VAPP)in recipients of OPV and close contacts of recently vaccinated individuals.This study describes the epidemiology of VAPP when an all OPV schedule was used in the Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI).Methods:VAPP cases were identified using standardized diagnostic criteria from data reported by 8 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)to the National Acute Flaccid Paralysis(AFP)Surveillance System in an 18-month period between October 2012 and March 2014.Results:During this period,28 VAPP cases were reported.Using the number of births as a denominator,the estimated incidence of VAPP was 2.47 cases per million births.Using the number of OPV doses administered through routine immunization,the VAPP incidence was 0.55 cases per million doses.Among vaccine-recipient VAPP cases,22(85%)were associated with the first dose of OPV;3 were associated with the second OPV dose.The relative risk of VAPP following the first dose compared with the second dose was 7.07.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice:The per-dose and per-child incidences of VAPP were consistent with incidence estimates by the World Health Organization(WHO).The vast majority(85%)of VAPP in China was associated with the first dose of OPV in an all-OPV schedule.Because inactivated polio vaccine(IPV)is known to prevent VAPP from subsequent doses of OPV in immunocompetent children,this association provided strong evidence for using an IPV-first,sequential IPVOPV polio vaccination schedule in China during the globally-synchronized cessation of type 2 OPV and introduction of IPV in 2016.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.U22A20619,42077455&42367008)the Western Light Cross-team Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.xbzg-zdsys-202101)+3 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDB40000000&XDA23060100)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(Grant No.2022-198)the High-level Innovative Talents in Guizhou Province(Grant Nos.GCC[2022]015-1&2016-5648)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Subsidies(Grant Nos.GZ2019SIG&GZ2020SIG)。
文摘Carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sinks reduce the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration and global warming. However, uncertainty still exists in the estimation results of carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink fluxes(CCSF), and the contributions of climate change and ecological restoration to the CCSF are not clear. To this end, we compiled published site data on ion concentrations in different watersheds in China and used a classical thermodynamic dissolution model to reassess the potential and spatial and temporal patterns of the CCSF in China from 1991 to 2020. We quantified the contributions of temperature(MAT), precipitation(MAP), evapotranspiration(ET), soil water(SM), and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) to the CCSF. The results revealed that(1) China's CCSF was 22.76 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1), which was higher than the global average(15.77 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)). The total carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink(CCS) was 4772.67×10^(4)t CO_(2), contributing 14.91% of the global CCS through a carbonate rock area of 252.98×10^(4)km^(-2).(2) China's CCSF decreased gradually from southeast to northwest, with values of 33.14, 12.93, and7.27 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1)in the southern karst, Qinghai-Tibetan karst, and northern karst regions, respectively.(3) The overall CCSF in China exhibited an increasing trend from 1991 to 2020, with a rate of increase of 0.16 t CO_(2)km^(-2)yr^(-1).(4) The contributions of the MAP, MAT, ET, SM, and NDVI to the CCSF were 63.3%, 3.02%, 27.5%, 3.1%, and 3.05%, respectively. Among them, the increase in precipitation was the main contributor to the increase in the CCSF in China over the last 30 years, while the enhancement of ET offset part of the positive contribution of the increase in precipitation to the CCSF. In conclusion, the results of this study provide a systematic quantification of the magnitude, the patterns, and the influencing factors of CCS over a long time series in China. The results are of great significance and provide a reference for the diagnosis and gap analysis of the national and global carbon neutrality capacities.
文摘Introduction:Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious,seasonal viral disease caused by any of three poliovirus(PV)serotypes(types 1,2,or 3).Oral poliovirus vaccine(OPV)on rare occasions causes vaccineassociated paralytic poliomyelitis(VAPP)in recipients of OPV and close contacts of recently vaccinated individuals.This study describes the epidemiology of VAPP when an all OPV schedule was used in the Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI).Methods:VAPP cases were identified using standardized diagnostic criteria from data reported by 8 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)to the National Acute Flaccid Paralysis(AFP)Surveillance System in an 18-month period between October 2012 and March 2014.Results:During this period,28 VAPP cases were reported.Using the number of births as a denominator,the estimated incidence of VAPP was 2.47 cases per million births.Using the number of OPV doses administered through routine immunization,the VAPP incidence was 0.55 cases per million doses.Among vaccine-recipient VAPP cases,22(85%)were associated with the first dose of OPV;3 were associated with the second OPV dose.The relative risk of VAPP following the first dose compared with the second dose was 7.07.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice:The per-dose and per-child incidences of VAPP were consistent with incidence estimates by the World Health Organization(WHO).The vast majority(85%)of VAPP in China was associated with the first dose of OPV in an all-OPV schedule.Because inactivated polio vaccine(IPV)is known to prevent VAPP from subsequent doses of OPV in immunocompetent children,this association provided strong evidence for using an IPV-first,sequential IPVOPV polio vaccination schedule in China during the globally-synchronized cessation of type 2 OPV and introduction of IPV in 2016.
