Progress,challenges,and prospects of spent lithium-ion batteries recycling:A review

The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.

不同单细胞全基因组扩增方法的比较及MALBAC在辅助生殖中的应用

单细胞全基因组扩增(whole genome amplification,WGA)是指在单细胞水平对全基因组进行扩增的新技术,其原理是将分离的单个细胞的微量全基因组DNA进行扩增,获得高覆盖率的完整的基因组后进行高通量测序,用于揭示细胞异质性。目前,WGA方法主要包括引物延伸预扩增(primer extension preamplification PCR,PEP-PCR)、简并寡核苷酸引物PCR(degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR,DOP-PCR)、多重置换扩增(multiple displacement amplification,MDA)、多次退火环状循环扩增(multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles,MALBAC)等。本文对不同的单细胞WGA方法的原理及应用情况分别进行了阐述,并对其扩增效率进行评价和比较,包括基因组覆盖度、均一性、重现性、SNV(single-nucleotide variants)和CNV(copy number variants)检测力等。综合对比不同单细胞WGA方法后发现,MALBAC的扩增均一性最高、等位基因脱扣率最低、重现性最好,且对于CNV和SNV的检测效果最好。本文还阐述了MALBAC技术在人类单精子减数重组、非整倍体分析以及人类卵细胞基因组研究中的应用。

Expression,structure and function analysis of the sperm-oocyte fusion genes Juno and Izumo1 in sheep(Ovis aries)

Background:JUNO and IZUMO1 are the first receptor-ligand protein pairs discovered to be essential for spermoocyte fusion;their interaction is indispensable for fertilization.Methods:PCR was used to clone the full-length DNA sequence of the Juno gene in sheep.The single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)loci of Juno were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY®.PCR combined with rapid amplification of cDNA Ends were used to clone the full-length cDNA sequence of Juno and Izumo1.Reverse transcriptase-PCR(RT-PCR)and real time-quantitative-PCR(RT-qPCR)were used to analyze the genes’expression in tissues of sheep,and single cell RNA-seq was used to analyze the genes’expression in oocytes,granulosa cells and follicular theca of polytocous and monotocous Small Tail Han ewes.Bioinformatics was used to analyze advanced structure and phylogeny of JUNO and IZUMO1 proteins.Results:The full-length DNA sequence of the Juno gene in sheep was cloned and nine SNPs were screened.We found a significant association between the g.848253 C>A locus of Juno and litter size of Small Tail Han sheep(P<0.05).The full-length cDNA sequence of Juno and Izumo1 genes from Small Tail Han sheep were obtained.We found a new segment of the Izumo1 CDS consisting of 35 bp,and we confirmed the Izumo1 gene has 9 exons,not 8.RT-qPCR showed that Juno and Izumo1 genes were highly expressed in ovarian and testicular tissues,respectively(P<0.01).Single cell RNA-seq showed Juno was specifically expressed in oocytes,but not in granulosa cells or follicular theca,while Izumo1 displayed little to no expression in all three cell types.There was no difference in expression of the Juno gene in oocyte and ovarian tissue in sheep with different litter sizes,indicating expression of Juno is not related to litter size traits.Bioinformatic analysis revealed the g.848253 C>A locus of Juno results in a nonconservative missense point mutation leading to a change from Phe to Leu at position 219 in the amino acid sequence.Conclusions:For the first time,this study systematically analyzed the expression,structure and function of Juno and Izumo1 genes and their encoded proteins in Small Tail Han sheep,providing the basis for future studies of the regulatory mechanisms of Juno and Izumo1 genes.

RIPK1 plays a crucial role in maintaining regulatory T-Cell homeostasis by inhibiting both RIPK3-and FADD-mediated cell death

Regulatory T(T_(reg))cells play an essential role in maintaining immune balance across various physiological and pathological conditions.However,the mechanisms underlying T_(reg)homeostasis remain incompletely understood.Here,we report that RIPK1 is crucial for T_(reg) cell survival and homeostasis.We generated mice with T_(reg) cell-specific ablation of Ripk1 and found that these mice developed fatal systemic autoimmunity due to a dramatic reduction in the Treg cell compartment caused by excessive cell death.Unlike conventional T cells,Treg cells with Ripk1 deficiency were only partially rescued from cell death by blocking FADD-dependent apoptosis.However,simultaneous removal of both Fadd and Ripk3 completely restored the homeostasis of Ripk1-deficient Treg cells by blocking two cell death pathways.Thus,our study highlights the critical role of RIPK1 in regulating Treg cell homeostasis by controlling both apoptosis and necroptosis,thereby providing novel insights into the mechanisms of Treg cell homeostasis.

Current research trends of nanomedicines

Owing to the inherent shortcomings of traditional therapeutic drugs in terms of inadequate therapeutic efficacy and toxicity in clinical treatment,nanomedicine designs have received widespread attention with significantly improved efficacy and reduced non-target side effects.Nanomedicines hold tremendous theranostic potential for treating,monitoring,diagnosing,and controlling various diseases and are attracting an unfathomable amount of input of research resources.Against the backdrop of an exponentially growing number of publications,it is imperative to help the audience get a panorama image of the research activities in the field of nanomedicines.Herein,this review elaborates on the development trends of nanomedicines,emerging nanocarriers,in vivo fate and safety of nanomedicines,and their extensive applications.Moreover,the potential challenges and the obstacles hindering the clinical translation of nanomedicines are also discussed.The elaboration on various aspects of the research trends of nanomedicines may help enlighten the readers and set the route for future endeavors.

Progress on major genes for high fecundity in ewes

The existence of major genes affecting fecundity in sheep flocks throughout the world has been demonstrated.Three major genes whose mutations can increase ovulation rate have been discovered,and all related to the transforming growth factorβ(TGF-β)superfamily.The mutant FecB of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B(BMPR1B)has an additive effect on ovulation rate.Six mutations(Fec^(XI),Fec^(XH),Fec^(XG),Fec^(XB),Fec^(XL),Fec^(XR))of bone morphogenetic protein 15(BMP15)related with fertility have been identified that share the same mechanism.All the mutants can increase ovulation rate in heterozygotes and cause complete sterility in homozygotes.Homozygous ewes with two new mutations(FecX^(Gr),FecX^(O))of BMP15 had increased ovulation rate without causing sterility.There are five mutations in growth differentiation factor 9(GDF9)associated with sheep prolificacy where FecG^(E) and FecG^(F) have additive an effect on ovulation rate and litter size.The newly identifiedβ-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2(B4GALNT2)gene of FecL is proposed as a new mechanism of ovulation rate regulation in sheep.Woodlands is an X-linked maternally imprinted gene which increases ovulation rate.In addition,several putative major genes need to be verified.This review is focused on the identification of the mutations and mechanisms whereby the major genes affecting ovulation rate.

Tirapazamine encapsulated hyaluronic acid nanomicelles realized targeted and efficient photo-bioreductive cascading cancer therapy

Currently,architecting a ratio nal and efficient nanoplatform combing with multi-therapeutic modalities is highly obligatory for advanced cancer treatment.In order to remedy the self-limiting hypoxic dilemma of photodynamic therapy(PDT),herein,a facile photosensitizer(i.e.,chlorin e6,Ce6) and bioreductive prodrug(i.e.,tirapazamine,TPZ)-coloaded hyaluronic acid(HA) nanomicelles(denoted as TPZ@HA-Ce6)was developed for the cascading mode of photo-bioreductive cancer therapy.Taking the typical advantage of Ce6 coupled HA conjugate,TPZ was easily and successfully accommodated into the hydrophobic core of HA-Ce6 nanomicelles,yielding TPZ@HA-Ce6.It showed good dispersibility and stability with the hydrodynamic size of ca.170 nm.It targeted the CD44 overexpressed cancer cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis way and killed them effectively with singlet oxygen and the subsequent TPZ radicals resulting from the oxygen depletion of PDT.The later was further verified by the hypoxia probe in vivo.Using murine mammary carcinoma 4 T1 model,TPZ@HA-Ce6 nanomicelles exhibited cascading and synergistic anticancer effect of PDT and TPZ bioreductive therapy compared with each monotherapy.This work suggests the promising prospect of the hybrid hyaluronic nanomicelles for highly efficient cancer combination treatment.