In the interaction between a tumor and the immune system,immune checkpoints play an important role,and in tumor immune escape,co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are important.Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)can enhanc...In the interaction between a tumor and the immune system,immune checkpoints play an important role,and in tumor immune escape,co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are important.Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)can enhance the immune system's killing effect on tumors.To date,impressive progress has been made in a variety of tumor treatments;PD1/PDL1 and CTLA4 inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in some tumors.However,glioblastoma(GBM)still lacks an effective treatment.Recently,a phase III clinical trial using nivolumab to treat recurrent GBM showed no significant improvement in overall survival compared to bevacizumab.Therefore,the use of immune checkpoints in the treatment of GBM still faces many challenges.First,to clarify the mechanism of action,how different immune checkpoints play roles in tumor escape needs to be determined;which biomarkers predict a benefit from ICIs treatment and the therapeutic implications for GBM based on experiences in other tumors also need to be determined.Second,to optimize combination therapies,how different types of immune checkpoints are selected for combined application and whether combinations with targeted agents or other immunotherapies exhibit increased efficacy need to be addressed.All of these concerns require extensive basic research and clinical trials.In this study,we reviewed existing knowledge with respect to the issues mentioned above and the progress made in treatments,summarized the state of ICIs in preclinical studies and clinical trials involving GBM,and speculated on the therapeutic prospects of ICIs in the treatment of GBM.展开更多
Water splitting with proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers(PEMWE)is regarded as a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen conversion.Additionally,oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is considered as the dominant f...Water splitting with proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers(PEMWE)is regarded as a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen conversion.Additionally,oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is considered as the dominant factor during the whole process due to the sluggish kinetics.Among the catalysts,Rubased catalysts draw special attention because of their excellent activity and relatively low price.However,the limited stability impedes their further commercialization and tremendous efforts have been devoted to overcome this challenge.This review firstly introduces the basic mechanisms of OER.Then the evaluation protocols and techniques to investigate the stability of Ru-based catalysts are summarized.A detailed elucidation of the possible degradation mechanisms is also critically analyzed.Furthermore,effective strategies to design durable Ru-based catalysts for acidic OER are discussed.Such as heteroatom doping,phase and facet engineering,heterostructure building and support optimization.Finally,promises,perspectives and challenges in developing highly durable Ru-based catalysts for acidic OER are outlined.展开更多
文摘In the interaction between a tumor and the immune system,immune checkpoints play an important role,and in tumor immune escape,co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are important.Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)can enhance the immune system's killing effect on tumors.To date,impressive progress has been made in a variety of tumor treatments;PD1/PDL1 and CTLA4 inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in some tumors.However,glioblastoma(GBM)still lacks an effective treatment.Recently,a phase III clinical trial using nivolumab to treat recurrent GBM showed no significant improvement in overall survival compared to bevacizumab.Therefore,the use of immune checkpoints in the treatment of GBM still faces many challenges.First,to clarify the mechanism of action,how different immune checkpoints play roles in tumor escape needs to be determined;which biomarkers predict a benefit from ICIs treatment and the therapeutic implications for GBM based on experiences in other tumors also need to be determined.Second,to optimize combination therapies,how different types of immune checkpoints are selected for combined application and whether combinations with targeted agents or other immunotherapies exhibit increased efficacy need to be addressed.All of these concerns require extensive basic research and clinical trials.In this study,we reviewed existing knowledge with respect to the issues mentioned above and the progress made in treatments,summarized the state of ICIs in preclinical studies and clinical trials involving GBM,and speculated on the therapeutic prospects of ICIs in the treatment of GBM.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22122202,22072051,21972051)。
文摘Water splitting with proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers(PEMWE)is regarded as a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen conversion.Additionally,oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is considered as the dominant factor during the whole process due to the sluggish kinetics.Among the catalysts,Rubased catalysts draw special attention because of their excellent activity and relatively low price.However,the limited stability impedes their further commercialization and tremendous efforts have been devoted to overcome this challenge.This review firstly introduces the basic mechanisms of OER.Then the evaluation protocols and techniques to investigate the stability of Ru-based catalysts are summarized.A detailed elucidation of the possible degradation mechanisms is also critically analyzed.Furthermore,effective strategies to design durable Ru-based catalysts for acidic OER are discussed.Such as heteroatom doping,phase and facet engineering,heterostructure building and support optimization.Finally,promises,perspectives and challenges in developing highly durable Ru-based catalysts for acidic OER are outlined.
