The significant effect of social preference on strategic behavior has been convinced by recent research. Along this stream of research, we study firms’ altruistic incentives in supply chains since the selfish rationa...The significant effect of social preference on strategic behavior has been convinced by recent research. Along this stream of research, we study firms’ altruistic incentives in supply chains since the selfish rationality can’t deal with economic behaviors. We show that the performance of the supply chain in consideration of altruism is between those of scenarios under decentralization and under integration. We further shows that a manufacturer, as a leader, should find an egoistic retailer, while a retailer, as a follower, should find a manufacturer with altruistic liability, to form a good chain.展开更多
In this paper,we examine how a merchant should choose between discount promotion(offering a discount through an online third-party promotion platform)and coupon promotion(ssuing on-package coupons directly to consumer...In this paper,we examine how a merchant should choose between discount promotion(offering a discount through an online third-party promotion platform)and coupon promotion(ssuing on-package coupons directly to consumers).We develop a two-period model in which the merchant optimizes the promotion decision in the first period and does not promote in the second period.We identify two consumer segments:informed consumers who are aware of the merchant's offering at the beginning of the first period and know the true quality of the product,and uninformed consumers who are not aware of the merchant's offering at the beginning of the first period and underestimate the product quality.Moreover,the merchant has access only to informed consumers when adopting coupon promotion or when choosing not to promote,while the merchant can access both informed consumers and uninformed consumers when offering discount promotion.In this setting,we find that the merchant should offer discount promotion when the quality estimation of uninformed consumers is large and/or when the proportion of informed consumers is small;otherwise,the merchant should adopt coupon promotion when the effect of coupons in the first period is large and choose not to promote when the effect of coupons in the first period is small.展开更多
Uncertainty is a main source of opportunistic behaviors in research and development cooperations,which challenges strategic decisions ranging from investments to operations.To avoid opportunism arising in cooperations...Uncertainty is a main source of opportunistic behaviors in research and development cooperations,which challenges strategic decisions ranging from investments to operations.To avoid opportunism arising in cooperations,commitments(either formal contracts or informal communications)are generally made in advance by members of an alliance.However,how does a commitment encourage R&D investments and ultimately enhance the total performance,without loss of flexibility in ex post operations?This study attempts to answer this by investigating a bounded commitment in the context of vertical collaborations in a supply chain.In this exploratory study,a 3-stage game model is used(by backward induction)to examine a two-echelon supply chain under a bounded commitment in NPD.Our analysis shows that upstream R&D investment is stimulated more and that both members are better off under the bounded commitment.At the same time,when the relative bargaining power between the supplier and the manufacturer falls into an appropriate area,it is possible to reach a bounded commitment,and the manufacturer is more sensitive to this relationship.Finally,the bounded commitment restrains opportunistic behaviors,but there is no strong sign that an increase in the ratio of the order outside the chain to the inside one can make firms better.展开更多
文摘The significant effect of social preference on strategic behavior has been convinced by recent research. Along this stream of research, we study firms’ altruistic incentives in supply chains since the selfish rationality can’t deal with economic behaviors. We show that the performance of the supply chain in consideration of altruism is between those of scenarios under decentralization and under integration. We further shows that a manufacturer, as a leader, should find an egoistic retailer, while a retailer, as a follower, should find a manufacturer with altruistic liability, to form a good chain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.71771184 and partially sup-ported by the Key Project of Shaanxi Inter-national Science and Technology Cooperation through Grant No.2018KWZ-04Qiying Hu also acknowledges financial support from the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant No.71671046.
文摘In this paper,we examine how a merchant should choose between discount promotion(offering a discount through an online third-party promotion platform)and coupon promotion(ssuing on-package coupons directly to consumers).We develop a two-period model in which the merchant optimizes the promotion decision in the first period and does not promote in the second period.We identify two consumer segments:informed consumers who are aware of the merchant's offering at the beginning of the first period and know the true quality of the product,and uninformed consumers who are not aware of the merchant's offering at the beginning of the first period and underestimate the product quality.Moreover,the merchant has access only to informed consumers when adopting coupon promotion or when choosing not to promote,while the merchant can access both informed consumers and uninformed consumers when offering discount promotion.In this setting,we find that the merchant should offer discount promotion when the quality estimation of uninformed consumers is large and/or when the proportion of informed consumers is small;otherwise,the merchant should adopt coupon promotion when the effect of coupons in the first period is large and choose not to promote when the effect of coupons in the first period is small.
基金This research was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 70971023 and 71001089 and in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under Grant No. Y60860040.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71871016,71671046,71729001)。
文摘Uncertainty is a main source of opportunistic behaviors in research and development cooperations,which challenges strategic decisions ranging from investments to operations.To avoid opportunism arising in cooperations,commitments(either formal contracts or informal communications)are generally made in advance by members of an alliance.However,how does a commitment encourage R&D investments and ultimately enhance the total performance,without loss of flexibility in ex post operations?This study attempts to answer this by investigating a bounded commitment in the context of vertical collaborations in a supply chain.In this exploratory study,a 3-stage game model is used(by backward induction)to examine a two-echelon supply chain under a bounded commitment in NPD.Our analysis shows that upstream R&D investment is stimulated more and that both members are better off under the bounded commitment.At the same time,when the relative bargaining power between the supplier and the manufacturer falls into an appropriate area,it is possible to reach a bounded commitment,and the manufacturer is more sensitive to this relationship.Finally,the bounded commitment restrains opportunistic behaviors,but there is no strong sign that an increase in the ratio of the order outside the chain to the inside one can make firms better.
