模糊性情形下互动决策的行为探析

决策是经济生活中不可回避的问题,当决策者不能确定事件发生的概率分布时,模糊性态度会对其行为选择产生影响。在互动决策中分析模糊性态度对行为选择的影响是一个有挑战的问题。文章探讨是否能够运用决策者在个人决策中的模糊性态度,解释和预测其在互动决策中的行为选择。文中设计了彩票实验、Ellsberg摸球实验和猎鹿博弈三个实验,在控制风险态度的基础上,将匹配概率带入到Choquet期望效用模型中得到理论预测,并与猎鹿博弈中的实际选择对比。结论显示:在模糊性情形下,决策者在个人决策和互动决策中的行为存在差异,个人决策中的匹配概率无法准确预测互动决策中的行为选择。这对于目前运用实验中测量的模糊性指标预测现实经济行为的方法提出了挑战。

Geochemical characteristics of Carboniferous volcanic rocks from the Wulungu-Luliang area, Junggar basin: constraints on magma source and tectonic setting

The Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the Wulungu-Luliang area are mainly andesites of medium- to high-K calc-alkalic series. Volcanic rock samples have relatively high alkali(Na2O + K2 O = 4.7 % to 6.8 %) and low Ti O2contents(0.7 % to 0.9 %), relatively high Mg O(2.5 % to 3.4 %) and Mg#(49.9 % to 67.1 %), high rare earth element(REE) contents, and relatively high K2 O contents(1.7 % to 3.1 %). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show light REE enrichment((La/Yb)N= 4.15 to 5.19)with weak Eu anomalies(d Eu = 0.75 to 0.92). These samples are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements but relatively depleted in high field strength elements. The trace elements and REE patterns are similar to those of Setouchi and central Ryukyu high-Mg andesites, indicating a highMg andesite source. Relatively high Y contents(16.7 to24.4 ppm), and relatively low Sr/Y ratios(17.2 to 38.8) and Ti O2contents(0.7 % to 0.9 %) exclude the possibility of slab melting. Low Sr/Nd(16.6 to 42.8), Ba/Th(66.4 to266.8), and U/Th(0.2 to 0.3) indicate that the influence of slab-derived fluids is low. The ratios of Ce/Th(4.9–7.3), Ce/Pb(1.8–4.2), Ba/Rb(7.99–22.03), Ba/Th(66.4–266.8), and La/Sm(3.6–4.3) are similar to ratios found in subducting sediment melts. Relatively high ratios of K/Nb(1357–3258),Th/La(0.28–0.42), Zr/Nb(8.8–27.1), and especially Th/Nb(0.48–1.25) suggest that the magma was assimilated and contaminated by upper continental crust. These characteristics, along with the ratios of La/Yb, Sc/Ni, Th/Yb, Ta/Yb,Ce/P2O5, and Zr/Ti O2, demonstrate that the earlier Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the Wulungu-Luliang area were generated in a continental island-arc setting.

Erratum to： Geochemical characteristics of Carboniferous volcanic rocks from the Wulungu-Luliang area, Junggar basin： constraints on magma source and tectonic setting

Fig. 13 Ce/Nb-Th/Nb diagram for Carboniferouss volcanic rocks from Wulungu-Luliang area （after Song et al. 2004）. DMM depleted mantle, SDC recycled subduction-derived component, S.S subducting sediments in arcs, RSC recycled residual slab composition, OIB ocean-island basalt, N-MORB normal mid-ocean ridge basalt, E- MORB enriched MORB, PM primitive mantle

Closed form solution of stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from surface semi-spherical cavity in finite body with energy release rate method

In this paper, a new semi-analytical and semi-engineering method of the closed form solution of stress intensity factors （SIFs） of cracks emanating from a surface semi-spherical cavity in a finite body is derived using the energy release rate theory. A mode of crack opening displacements of a normal slice is established, and the normal slice relevant functions are introduced. The proposed method is both effective and accurate for the problem of three-dimensional cracks emanating from a surface cavity. A series of useful results of SIFs are obtained.

Assessing environmental factors associated with regional schistosomiasis prevalence in Anhui Province,Peoples’Republic of China using a geographical detector method

Background:Schistosomiasis is a water-borne disease caused by trematode worms belonging to genus Schistosoma,which is prevalent most of the developing world.Transmission of the disease is usually associated with multiple biological characteristics and social factors but also factors can play a role.Few studies have assessed the exact and interactive influence of each factor promoting schistosomiasis transmission.Methods:We used a series of different detectors(i.e.,specific detector,risk detector,ecological detector and interaction detector)to evaluate separate and interactive effects of the environmental factors on schistosomiasis prevalence.Specifically,(i)specific detector quantifies the impact of a risk factor on an observed spatial disease pattern,which were ranked statistically by a value of Power of Determinate(PD)calculation;(ii)risk detector detects high risk areas of a disease on the condition that the study area is stratified by a potential risk factor;(iii)ecological detector explores whether a risk factor is more significant than another in controlling the spatial pattern of a disease;(iv)interaction detector probes whether two risk factors when taken together weaken or enhance one another,or whether they are independent in developing a disease.Infection data of schistosomiasis based on conventional surveys were obtained at the county level from the health authorities in Anhui Province,China and used in combination with information from Chinese weather stations and internationally available environmental data.Results:The specific detector identified various factors of potential importance as follows:Proximity to Yangtze River(0.322)>Land cover(0.285)>sunshine hours(0.256)>population density(0.109)>altitude(0.090)>the normalized different vegetation index(NDVI)(0.077)>land surface temperature at daytime(LST_(day))(0.007).The risk detector indicated that areas of schistosomiasis high risk were located within a buffer distance of 50 km from Yangtze River.The ecological detector disclosed that the factors investigated have significantly different effects.The interaction detector revealed that interaction between the factors enhanced their main effects in most cases.Conclusion:Proximity to Yangtze River had the strongest effect on schistosomiasis prevalence followed by land cover and sunshine hours,while the remaining factors had only weak influence.Interaction between factors played an even more important role in influencing schistosomiasis prevalence than each factor on its own.High risk regions influenced by strong interactions need to be targeted for disease control intervention.

Identification of bioactive anti-angiogenic components targeting tumor endothelial cells in Shenmai injection using multidimensional pharmacokinetics

Shenmai injection(SMI)is a well-defined herbal preparation that is widely and clinically used as an adjuvant therapy for cancer.Previously,we found that SMI synergistically enhanced the activity of chemotherapy on colorectal cancer by promoting the distribution of drugs in xenograft tumors.However,the underlying mechanisms and bioactive constituents remained unknown.In the present work,the regulatory effects of SMI on tumor vasculature were determined,and the potential anti-angiogenic components targeting tumor endothelial cells(TECs)were identified.Multidimensional pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides in plasma,subcutaneous tumors,and TECs were investigated.The results showed that the concentrations of protopanaxadiol-type(PPD)ginsenosides(Rb1,Rb2/Rb3,Rc,and Rd)in both plasma and tumors,were higher than those of protopanaxatriol-type(Rg1 and Re)and oleanane-type(Ro)ginsenosides.Among PPD-type ginsenosides,Rd exhibited the greatest concentrations in tumors and TECs after repeated injection.In vivo bioactivity results showed that Rd suppressed neovascularization in tumors,normalized the structure of tumor vessels,and improved the anti-tumor effect of 5-fluorouracil(5 FU)in xenograft mice.Furthermore,Rd inhibited the migration and tube formation capacity of endothelial cells in vitro.In conclusion,Rd may be an important active form to exert the anti-angiogenic effect on tumor after SMI treatment.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the ethyl acetate extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from Ageratum conyzoides L.

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that endophytic fungi metabolites possess important biological activities.Ageratum conyzoides L.(Asteraceae)is an invasive aromatic herb with immense therapeutic importance.In the present study,we aimed to isolate and identify endophytic fungi in the roots,stems,leaves and flowers of Ageratum conyzoides L.and evaluate its antioxidant activity(DPPH,ABTS^(+) and FRAP assays),the contents of flavonoids and phenolic and antibacterial activity of their ethyl acetate extracts.Accordingly,a total of 25 endophytic fungi were isolated from Ageratum conyzoides L.and classified into 14 genera based on the Internal transcribed spacer sequence,among which Fusarium sp.(20%)were found to be the dominant groups.All fungal extracts exhibited antioxidant activity,and the extracts of fungi WZ07 exhibited antioxidant activities as well as higher flavonoids and phenolic content in all tests.Moreover,the extracts of fungi WL01 had good antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.We,for the first time,reported the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from Ageratum conyzoides L.,which may help lay the foundation for developing other medicinal components.

Mapping the scientific knowledge of glomalin-related soil protein with implications for carbon sequestration

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)derived refractory organic matter,mainly in glomalinrelated soil protein(GRSP),stores globally significant amounts of carbon,attracting wide attention in response to climatic change.However,there is no synthesis review has been done so far toreveal global research progresses on GRSP,especially its ecological role forclimate mitigation.Here,we conducted a bibliometric analysis of the papers on GRSP research from 1998 to 2021,based on the Web of Science(WOS)Core Collection.We collected a total of 634 papers and analyzed the characteristics of publication outputs in various countries and institutions.In addition,keywords analysis was conducted to reveal the main researchdirections and hot trends in the field of GRSP.We confirmed that 1)the number of papers published per year has gradually increased since 2010,and increased sharply in 2019;2)the United States was the earliest country to conduct GRSP research,while Chinacurrently has the largest number of publications;3)relevant studies focus on the role from AMF and GRSP in soil health and plant health;4)the contribution of GRSP to soil carbon and its ecological function in mitigatingclimate change are the hotspot of research.The benefits of GRSP have become a consensus,however,the nature of glomalin and the mechanisms of GRSP-associated benefits still need to explore.As an important soil recalcitrant organic carbon,further studies are need to elucidate the land-ocean biogeochemical processes of GRSP and its contribution to global blue carbon.