Multiparameter least-squares reverse time migration for acoustic–elastic coupling media based on ocean bottom cable data

In marine seismic exploration,ocean bottom cable technology can record multicomponent seismic data for multiparameter inversion and imaging.This study proposes an elastic multiparameter lease-squares reverse time migration based on the ocean bottom cable technology.Herein,the wavefield continuation operators are mixed equations:the acoustic wave equations are used to calculate seismic wave propagation in the seawater medium,whereas in the solid media below the seabed,the wavefields are obtained by P-and S-wave separated vector elastic wave equations.At the seabed interface,acoustic–elastic coupling control equations are used to combine the two types of equations.P-and S-wave separated elastic migration operators,demigration operators,and gradient equations are derived to realize the elastic least-squares reverse time migration based on the P-and S-wave mode separation.The model tests verify that the proposed method can obtain high-quality images in both the P-and S-velocity components.In comparison with the traditional elastic least-squares reverse time migration method,the proposed method can readily suppress imaging crosstalk noise from multiparameter coupling.

Steeply dipping structural target-oriented viscoacoustic least-squares reverse time migration and its application

Steeply dipping structural imaging is a significant challenge because surface geophones cannot obtain seismic primary reflection wave information from steeply dipping structures.Prismatic waves with a significant amount of steeply dipping information can be used to improve the imaging eff ect on steeply dipping structures.Subsurface attenuation leads to amplitude loss and phase distortion of seismic waves,and ignoring this attenuation during imaging can cause blurring of migration amplitudes.In this study,we proposed a steeply dipping structural target-oriented viscoacoustic least-squares reverse time migration(LSRTM)method with prismatic and primary waves as an objective function based on the viscous wave equation,while deriving Q-compensated wavefield propagation and joint operators of prismatic and primary waves and the Q-compensated demigration operator.Numerical examples on synthetic and field data verified the advantages of the proposed viscoacoustic LSRTM method of joint primary and prismatic waves over conventional viscoacoustic LSRTM and non-compensated LSRTM when using attenuating observed data.

三维黏声最小二乘逆时偏移方法模型研究

针对黏介质成像存在的问题及最小二乘逆时偏移方法的优势,通过广义标准线性固体(GSLS)的三维黏声波动方程,基于三维黏声波动方程的伴随算子及最小二乘逆时偏移框架,实现了三维黏声最小二乘逆时偏移方法。采用极性编码技术大幅度降低黏声最小二乘逆时偏移算法的计算量与内存,使三维黏声最小二乘逆时偏移算法的实用化成为可能。在模型试算部分,首先通过Marmousi模型验证了该方法对传统声波最小二乘逆时偏移方法的优势,最后对三维含Q平层模型及盐丘模型进行试算,证明了三维黏声最小二乘逆时偏移算法的正确性。

地震层析成像方法综述

地震层析成像作为一种有效还原地下介质速度模型的方法,为全波形反演提供了可靠的初始速度模型,从原始的射线层析到相移旅行时层析和瞬时旅行时层析,实现了地震波传播的有限频特性;从声波方程到弹性波方程,从各向同性介质到VTI,TTI介质,实现了对真实地下介质情况的模拟。减缓层析反演的病态性也一直是研究热点,常用的方法有正则化,用高斯束层析的敏感核代替传统的射线层析敏感核等。此外,为了避免使成像结果的精度依赖于共成像道集上反射位的真实深度,角度域双差分反射层析可以稳定有效地收敛到精确的偏移速度模型。如今,层析成像逐步向各向异性介质过渡,使用的数据从VSP到WVSP,从单一波形到多种波形联合反演发展,然而,分辨率和计算效率的相关问题仍然需要得到关注。

Forward modeling of ocean-bottom cable data and wave-mode separation in fluid–solid elastic media with irregular seabed

In marine seismic exploration, ocean-bottom cable techniques accurately record the multicomponent seismic wavefield; however, the seismic wave propagation in fluid–solid media cannot be simulated by a single wave equation. In addition, when the seabed interface is irregular, traditional finite-difference schemes cannot simulate the seismic wave propagation across the irregular seabed interface. Therefore, an acoustic–elastic forward modeling and vector-based P-and S-wave separation method is proposed. In this method, we divide the fluid–solid elastic media with irregular interface into orthogonal grids and map the irregular interface in the Cartesian coordinates system into a horizontal interface in the curvilinear coordinates system of the computational domain using coordinates transformation. The acoustic and elastic wave equations in the curvilinear coordinates system are applied to the fluid and solid medium, respectively. At the irregular interface, the two equations are combined into an acoustic–elastic equation in the curvilinear coordinates system. We next introduce a full staggered-grid scheme to improve the stability of the numerical simulation. Thus, separate P-and S-wave equations in the curvilinear coordinates system are derived to realize the P-and S-wave separation method.

Prismatic and full-waveform joint inversion

Prismatic wave is that it has three of which is located at the reflection interface reflection paths and two reflection points, one and the other is located at the steep dip angle reflection layer, so that contains a lot of the high and steep reflection interface information that primary cannot reach. Prismatic wave field information can be separated by applying Born approximation to traditional reverse time migration profile, and then the prismatic wave is used to update velocity to improve the inversion efficiency for the salt dame flanks and some other high and steep structure. Under the guidance of this idea, a prismatic waveform inversion method is proposed （abbreviated as PWI）. PWI has a significant drawback that an iteration time of PWI is more than twice as that of FWI, meanwhile, the full wave field information cannot all be used, for this problem, we propose a joint inversion method to combine prismatic waveform inversion with full waveform inversion. In this method, FWI and PWI are applied alternately to invert the velocity. Model tests suggest that the joint inversion method is less dependence on the high and steep structure information in the initial model and improve high inversion efficiency and accuracy for the model with steep dip angle structure.

Multiple attenuation using λ-f domain high-order and high-resolution Radon transform based on SL0 norm

Radon transform is to use the speed difference between primary wave and multiple wave to focus the difference on different"points"or"lines"in Radon domain,so as to suppress multiple wave.However,the limited migration aperture,discrete sampling,and AVO characteristics of seismic data all will weaken the focusing characteristics of Radon transform.In addition,the traditional Radon transform does not take into account the AVO characteristics of seismic data,and uses L1 Norm,the approximate form of L0 Norm,to improve the focusing characteristics of Radon domain,which requires a lot of computation.In this paper,we combine orthogonal polynomials with the parabolic Radon transform(PRT)and find that the AVO characteristics of seismic data can be fitted with orthogonal polynomial coefficients.This allows the problem to be transformed into the frequency domain by Fourier transform and introduces a new variable,lambda,combining frequency and curvature.Through overall sampling of lambda,the PRT operator only needs to be calculated once for each frequency,yielding higher computational efficiency.The sparse solution of PRT under the constraints of the smoothed L0 Norm(SL0)obtained by the steepest descent method and the gradient projection principle.Synthetic and real examples are given to demonstrate that the proposed method has This method has advantages in improving the Radon focusing characteristics than does the PRT based on L1 norm.

Elastic reverse-time migration in irregular tunnel environment based on polar coordinates

When seismic exploration is conducted in a special geological environment such as a tunnel space,the traditional imaging method in the Cartesian coordinate system cannot accurately discretize the air column in that environment.Thus,obtaining Thus,obtaining highquality imaging results is diffi cult.Therefore,an elastic-wave reverse-time migration method based on the polar coordinate system is proposed.In this method,three boundary conditions exist:outer,inner,and corner boundaries.In the outer boundary,the polar-coordinated absorbing boundary in the radial direction is used to suppress the artifi cial-boundary refl ection.The free-surface boundary condition is adopted in the tunnel space at the inner boundary.In the angular boundaries,we use two diff erent boundary conditions for two cases.The air column in the tunnel space is usually not an irregular circle.Therefore,the irregular tunnelspace geological body in the polar coordinate system is meshed into curvilinear grids and transformed into a regular one in an auxiliary polar coordinate system using the mapping method.Finally,elastic reverse-time migration technology is applied into the auxiliary polar coordinate system.In the numerical examples,two typical models are used to test the proposed method,which verify that the proposed method can obtain accurate images from the datasets in the tunnel space.

起伏地表条件下的混叠数据最小二乘逆时偏移

剧烈起伏地表给地震成像带来巨大挑战.提出了一种曲网格-矩形网格耦合机制,并将耦合网格机制应用到最小二乘逆时偏移中,推导了辅助坐标系下的梯度公式、偏移算子和反偏移算子,提出了起伏地表最小二乘逆时偏移方法,在起伏地表复杂构造的成像中起到了很好的效果.对于混叠数据,采用最小二乘逆时偏移技术可以压制成像过程中的部分串扰噪声,同时引入静态编码技术可以进一步压制串扰成像噪声,最后通过整形规则化滤波技术可以很好地消除串扰成像噪声.