High consumption of ethanolic beverages facilitates neurodegeneration, but the mechanism of this process still remained elusive. Suppression subtractive hybridization （SSH） is a technique for detection of rare trans...High consumption of ethanolic beverages facilitates neurodegeneration, but the mechanism of this process still remained elusive. Suppression subtractive hybridization （SSH） is a technique for detection of rare transcripts. With SSH approach, we identified one ethanol response gene Cab45, which was down-regulated by ethanol with time-dependent manner in B104 cells. The full-length sequence of Cab45 gene was obtained by 5＇-RACE （5＇Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends） for the first time in rat. Based on the sequence of deduced amino acid of rat Cab45, the alignment was conducted with its counterparts in different species and displayed a high conservation. Using different tissues in rat and cell lines, Cab45 was characterized by a ubiquitous expression and differentiation dependent down-regulation. Given that ethanol facilitates some cell differentiation, we hypothesize that Cab45 is involved in ethanol-mediated differentiation. With transient transfection, the function of Cab45 was investigated by up-regulation and down-regulation in PC12 cells. Ethanol treatment and UV exposure were conducted subsequently and cell proliferations were detected by MTT （Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium） approach. It revealed that the up-regulation of Cab45 modulated the impairment elicited by ethanol and UV in transfected cells. As a member of new calcium binding protein family, the exact role of Cab45 still remains unclear.展开更多
Background:Treatment of tuberculosis(TB)in China is partially covered by national programs and health insurance schemes,though TB patients often face considerable medical expenditures.For some,especially those from po...Background:Treatment of tuberculosis(TB)in China is partially covered by national programs and health insurance schemes,though TB patients often face considerable medical expenditures.For some,especially those from poorer households,non-medical costs,such as transport,accommodation,and nutritional supplementation may be a substantial additional burden.In this article we aim to evaluate these non-medical costs induced by seeking TB care using data from a large scale cross-sectional survey.Methods:A total of 797 TB cases from three cities were randomly selected using a stratified cluster sampling design.Inpatient medical costs,outpatient medical costs,and direct non-medical costs related to TB treatment were collected using in-person interviews by trained interviewers.Mean and median non-medical costs for different sub-groups were calculated and compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests.Regression analysis was conducted to assess the influence of different patient characteristics on total non-medical cost.Results:The median non-medical cost was RMB 1429,with interquartile range RMB 424–2793.The median non-medical costs relating to inpatient treatment,outpatient treatment,and additional nutrition supplementation were RMB 540,91,and 900,respectively.Of the 797 cases,20%reported catastrophic expenditure on non-medical costs.Statistically significant differences were detected between different cities,age groups,geographical locations,inpatient/outpatient care,education levels and family income groups.Conclusions:Non-medical costs relating to TB treatment are a serious financial burden for many TB patients.Financial assistance that can limit this burden is urgently needed during the treatment period,especially for the poor.展开更多
文摘High consumption of ethanolic beverages facilitates neurodegeneration, but the mechanism of this process still remained elusive. Suppression subtractive hybridization （SSH） is a technique for detection of rare transcripts. With SSH approach, we identified one ethanol response gene Cab45, which was down-regulated by ethanol with time-dependent manner in B104 cells. The full-length sequence of Cab45 gene was obtained by 5＇-RACE （5＇Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends） for the first time in rat. Based on the sequence of deduced amino acid of rat Cab45, the alignment was conducted with its counterparts in different species and displayed a high conservation. Using different tissues in rat and cell lines, Cab45 was characterized by a ubiquitous expression and differentiation dependent down-regulation. Given that ethanol facilitates some cell differentiation, we hypothesize that Cab45 is involved in ethanol-mediated differentiation. With transient transfection, the function of Cab45 was investigated by up-regulation and down-regulation in PC12 cells. Ethanol treatment and UV exposure were conducted subsequently and cell proliferations were detected by MTT （Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium） approach. It revealed that the up-regulation of Cab45 modulated the impairment elicited by ethanol and UV in transfected cells. As a member of new calcium binding protein family, the exact role of Cab45 still remains unclear.
基金The study upon which this paper was written is part of the large program entitled“China National Health and Family Planning Commission and the Gates Foundation TB Project”-a collaboration between the Government of China and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation(Grant No.51914)implemented by the China Center of Disease Control and Prevention(CDC).
文摘Background:Treatment of tuberculosis(TB)in China is partially covered by national programs and health insurance schemes,though TB patients often face considerable medical expenditures.For some,especially those from poorer households,non-medical costs,such as transport,accommodation,and nutritional supplementation may be a substantial additional burden.In this article we aim to evaluate these non-medical costs induced by seeking TB care using data from a large scale cross-sectional survey.Methods:A total of 797 TB cases from three cities were randomly selected using a stratified cluster sampling design.Inpatient medical costs,outpatient medical costs,and direct non-medical costs related to TB treatment were collected using in-person interviews by trained interviewers.Mean and median non-medical costs for different sub-groups were calculated and compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests.Regression analysis was conducted to assess the influence of different patient characteristics on total non-medical cost.Results:The median non-medical cost was RMB 1429,with interquartile range RMB 424–2793.The median non-medical costs relating to inpatient treatment,outpatient treatment,and additional nutrition supplementation were RMB 540,91,and 900,respectively.Of the 797 cases,20%reported catastrophic expenditure on non-medical costs.Statistically significant differences were detected between different cities,age groups,geographical locations,inpatient/outpatient care,education levels and family income groups.Conclusions:Non-medical costs relating to TB treatment are a serious financial burden for many TB patients.Financial assistance that can limit this burden is urgently needed during the treatment period,especially for the poor.
