A number of research studies have dealt with the relationship between diversity and effectiveness of corporate boards. The present paper makes an attempt to provide an international perspective on diversity and effect...A number of research studies have dealt with the relationship between diversity and effectiveness of corporate boards. The present paper makes an attempt to provide an international perspective on diversity and effectiveness of corporate boards and examines such relationship in detail in the case of India. The paper presents the theory relating to diversity and board effectiveness with particular reference to women on boards. The position of diversity as related to the boards of National Stock Exchange （NSE） listed 511 companies and the 245 state-owned enterprises （SOEs） by the Government of India （GoI） is reflected in the paper. It then examines gender diversity specifically in the case of India and Singapore. Drawing from the evidence of diversity in the case of global companies, it offers the rationale for making boards global in composition and character. The paper highlights an interestiiag issue： whether the boards should have younger or veteran members？ This follows a discussion on diversity of boards in terms of skills, age, and personalities. Finally, the paper makes suggestions for balance boards to enhance their effectiveness and brings out lessons for the corporate organizations to promote diversity of their boards.展开更多
This study reports the nitrogen uptake rate （using 15N tracer） of phytoplankton in surface waters of different frontal zones in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean （SO） during austral summer of 2013. The inves...This study reports the nitrogen uptake rate （using 15N tracer） of phytoplankton in surface waters of different frontal zones in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean （SO） during austral summer of 2013. The investigated area encompasses four major frontal systems, i.e., the subtropical front （STF）, subantarctic front （SAF）, polar front-1 （PF1） and polar front-2 （PF2）. Southward decrease of surface water temperature was observed, whereas surface salinity did not show any significant trend. Nutrient （NO3- and SiO44-） concentrations increased southward from STF to PF; while ammonium （NH4＋）, nitrite （NO2-） and phosphate （PO433 remained compara- tively stable. Analysis of nutrient ratios indicated potential N-limited conditions at the STF and SAF but no such scenario was observed for PF. In terms of phytoplankton biomass, PF1 was found to be the most productive followed by SAF, whereas PF2 was the least productive region. Nitrate uptake rate increased with increasing latitude, as no systematic spatial variation was discerned for NH4＋ and urea （CO（NH2）2）. Linear relationship between nitrate and total N-uptake reveals that the studied area is capable of exporting up to 60% of the total production to the deep ocean if the environmental settings are favorable. Like N-uptake rates the f-ratio also increased towards PF region indicating comparatively higher new production in the PF than in the subtropics. The moderately high averagefiratio （0.53） indicates potentially near equal contributions by new production and regenerated production to the total productivity in the study area. Elevation in N-uptake rates with declining temperature suggests that the SO with its vast quantity of cool water could play an important role in drawing down the atmospheric CO2 through the ＂solubility pump＂.展开更多
文摘A number of research studies have dealt with the relationship between diversity and effectiveness of corporate boards. The present paper makes an attempt to provide an international perspective on diversity and effectiveness of corporate boards and examines such relationship in detail in the case of India. The paper presents the theory relating to diversity and board effectiveness with particular reference to women on boards. The position of diversity as related to the boards of National Stock Exchange （NSE） listed 511 companies and the 245 state-owned enterprises （SOEs） by the Government of India （GoI） is reflected in the paper. It then examines gender diversity specifically in the case of India and Singapore. Drawing from the evidence of diversity in the case of global companies, it offers the rationale for making boards global in composition and character. The paper highlights an interestiiag issue： whether the boards should have younger or veteran members？ This follows a discussion on diversity of boards in terms of skills, age, and personalities. Finally, the paper makes suggestions for balance boards to enhance their effectiveness and brings out lessons for the corporate organizations to promote diversity of their boards.
文摘This study reports the nitrogen uptake rate （using 15N tracer） of phytoplankton in surface waters of different frontal zones in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean （SO） during austral summer of 2013. The investigated area encompasses four major frontal systems, i.e., the subtropical front （STF）, subantarctic front （SAF）, polar front-1 （PF1） and polar front-2 （PF2）. Southward decrease of surface water temperature was observed, whereas surface salinity did not show any significant trend. Nutrient （NO3- and SiO44-） concentrations increased southward from STF to PF; while ammonium （NH4＋）, nitrite （NO2-） and phosphate （PO433 remained compara- tively stable. Analysis of nutrient ratios indicated potential N-limited conditions at the STF and SAF but no such scenario was observed for PF. In terms of phytoplankton biomass, PF1 was found to be the most productive followed by SAF, whereas PF2 was the least productive region. Nitrate uptake rate increased with increasing latitude, as no systematic spatial variation was discerned for NH4＋ and urea （CO（NH2）2）. Linear relationship between nitrate and total N-uptake reveals that the studied area is capable of exporting up to 60% of the total production to the deep ocean if the environmental settings are favorable. Like N-uptake rates the f-ratio also increased towards PF region indicating comparatively higher new production in the PF than in the subtropics. The moderately high averagefiratio （0.53） indicates potentially near equal contributions by new production and regenerated production to the total productivity in the study area. Elevation in N-uptake rates with declining temperature suggests that the SO with its vast quantity of cool water could play an important role in drawing down the atmospheric CO2 through the ＂solubility pump＂.
