Achieving Effective Power System Observability in Optimal PMUs Placement Using GA-EHBSA

Normally, the power system observation is carried out for the optimal PMUs placement with minimum use of unit in the region of the Smart power grid system. By advanced tool, the process of protection and management of the power system is considered with the measurement of time-synchronized of the voltage and current. In order to have an efficient placement solution for the issue, a novel method is needed with the optimal approach. For complete power network observability of PMU optimal placement a new method is implemented. However, the process of placement and connection of the buses is considered at various places with the same cost of installation. GA based Enhanced Harmony and Binary Search Algorithm (GA-EHBSA) is proposed and utilized with the improvement to have least PMU placement and better optimization approach for finding the optimal location. To evaluate the optimal placement of PMUs the proposed approach is implemented in the standard test systems of IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 24-bus, IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 39-bus and IEEE 57-bus. The simulation results are evaluated and compared with existing algorithm to show the efficient process of optimal PMUs placement with better optimization, minimum cost and redundancy than the existing.

结核病的性别差异:南印度某农村地区DOTS项目报告

背景:南印度 Tiruvallur 地区。目的:了解 14 岁以上成年人在结核感染和患病、就医途径、就医行为、诊断延误、接受 DOT的方便程度、疾病歧视以及治疗依从性等方面的性别差异。方法:相关数据主要来自:1)社区调查,2)在公立初级保健卫生机构(PHIS)主动就医的病人,3)转诊到 PHIS 进行痰涂片检查的可疑结核病人;4)DOTS 策略下的登记报告结核病人。并将社区调查结果与 PHIS 登记病人进行比较。结果:社区人群中 66%的男性和 57%的女性感染了结核菌;男性和女性的涂阳肺结核患病率分别为568/10 万和87/10 万。在 PHIS 就医的男性少于女性,男女之比为 68:100。女性占社区调查发现涂阳病人的 13%;占 PHIS 发现病人的 20%(P<0.05)。随着年龄的增长,男性和女性的登记率显著降低。女性感觉难于与家人讨论自己病情的比例要高于男性(21%∶14%),也更需要有人陪伴去接受 DOT(11%∶6%)。男性的治疗中断率比女性高 1 倍(19%∶8%;P<0.01)。结论:尽管女性发病后更容易遭受歧视和不便,但女性更易于利用医疗服务、接受 DOTS 策略登记以及依从治疗。而男性以及高龄病人在诊断和 DOT服务方面更需要帮助。

革兰氏阴性细菌的强大武器

革兰氏阴性细菌可产生内毒素 ,这种毒素可危害动物健康而对其很难加以防制。本文作者解释了内毒素来自何处以及对其的治疗和预防之所以如此困难的原因。