Delineating the role of phytocompounds against anti-bacterial drug resistance–An update

Antibacterial resistance developed by bacteria due to the unlimited use of antibiotics has posed a challenge for human civilization.This kind of problem is not limited to India only,but it is a global concern.Nowadays,many treatments and medicines for bacterial diseases have been developed.However,they possess some drawbacks.Therefore,the alternative medicine has been used to target the drug resistant mechanisms and such medicines have less side effects which is becoming necessary.Natural products have traditionally or historically been of importance for the development of antibacterial agents and are also known to overcome bacterial drug resistance by directly targeting the drug resistance mechanisms in bacteria.In recent years,researchers have also focused on new drug discovery from plant-based research.They have looked on various phytocompounds as antibacterial agents.In the current review,we report various classes of secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds,flavonoids,alkaloids,saponins,terpenes,quinones,and some essential oils that have been used as an antibacterial agent.In addition,we also discuss several mechanisms behind bacterial multi-drug resistance that are used during bacterial pathogenesis.

Epigenetic regulation−The guardian of cellular homeostasis and lineage commitment

Stem cells constitute the source of cells that replenishes the worn out or damaged cells in our tissue and enable the tissue to carry out the destined function.Tissue-specific stem cells are compartmentalized in a niche,which keeps the stem cells under quiescent condition.Thus,understanding the molecular events driving the successful differentiation of stem cells into several lineages is essential for its better manipulation of human applications.Given the developmental aspects of the cell,the cellular function is greatly dependent on the epigenomics signature that in turn governs the expression profile of the cell.The stable inheritance of the epigenome is crucial for the development,modulation,and maintenance of the cell and its complex tissue-specific function.Emerging evidence suggesting that stem cell chromatin comprises a specialized state in which self-renewing genes and its downstream lineage-specific genes are kept paralleled poised for activation.Thus,the epigenetic regulatory network and pathway dictate lineage commitment and differentiation.It mainly modifies the chromatin landscape to facilitate euchromatin and heterochromatin architecture,which in turn alters the accessibility of transcription factors to the gene loci.DNA methylation and histone marks are the two widely studied epigenetic modifications regulating the transcriptome profile of a specific lineage.Abnormalities in the epigenetic landscape lead to diseases or disorders.Here,we emphasize the prominence of the epigenetic network and its regulation in normal tissue functioning and in the diseased state.Furthermore,we highlighted the emerging role of epigenetic modifiers in lineage differentiation and epigenetic markers as novel druggable targets for cancer therapy.