The pro and con of whitecap parameterizations and a statistical wave breaking model are discussed. An improved model is derived by combining satellite-based parameterization and the wave breaking model. The appropriat...The pro and con of whitecap parameterizations and a statistical wave breaking model are discussed. An improved model is derived by combining satellite-based parameterization and the wave breaking model. The appropriate constants for the general wave state are obtained by considering the breaking condition of the wave slope and fitting with the satellite-based parameterization. The result is close to the constants based on the whitecap data from Monahan. Comparing with satellite-based data and the original model＇s results, the improved model＇s results are consistent with satellite-based data and previous studies. The global seasonal distributions of the whitecap coverage averaged from 1998 to 2008 are presented. Spatial and seasonal features of the whitecap coverage are analyzed.展开更多
The increasing production and extensive application of chemicals have led to their unintended release and contamination in the environment,posing a hazardous threat to wildlife and human health.Numerous studies have d...The increasing production and extensive application of chemicals have led to their unintended release and contamination in the environment,posing a hazardous threat to wildlife and human health.Numerous studies have demonstrated that developmental toxicity could be induced by various emerging chemicals,causing abnormal embryonic and placental development,adverse pregnancy outcomes,obesity,and dysfunction of lipid metabolism in neonates.Given the currently-available experimental technology for developmental toxicological studies,an in vitro model based on stem cells showed promising performance in high-throughput screening of the early-stage developmental toxicity of emerging chemicals.In this review,the deleterious effects of environmental pollutants on stem cells were systemically assorted from the aspects of cytological dysfunction,self-renewal impairment,perturbation in embryoid body(EB)formation,and disruption of committed lineage differentiation.The toxicological data on the molecular level,including the altered expressions of gene and protein biomarkers,epigenomic regulation,and enhanced oxidative stress,were collected and summarized to provide the mechanism explanation for the link between environmental pollutant exposure and unfavorable phenotypes in stem cells.The advantage of the stem cell model in developmental toxicological studies was specifically emphasized.And the perspectives for stem cells were ultimately highlighted in the research field of environmental toxicology,especially developmental toxicology during the early stage of life.展开更多
基金The National Key Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China under contract No.2010CB950404the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China under contract No.2013AA09A506+1 种基金the Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China under contract No.GY0214G01the Ocean Renewable Energy Special Fund Project of the State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No.GHME2011ZC07
文摘The pro and con of whitecap parameterizations and a statistical wave breaking model are discussed. An improved model is derived by combining satellite-based parameterization and the wave breaking model. The appropriate constants for the general wave state are obtained by considering the breaking condition of the wave slope and fitting with the satellite-based parameterization. The result is close to the constants based on the whitecap data from Monahan. Comparing with satellite-based data and the original model＇s results, the improved model＇s results are consistent with satellite-based data and previous studies. The global seasonal distributions of the whitecap coverage averaged from 1998 to 2008 are presented. Spatial and seasonal features of the whitecap coverage are analyzed.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.22036005,22176119,92043301,22006096)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0901101)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(No.202203021222002)the Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province,China(No.202204051002024).
文摘The increasing production and extensive application of chemicals have led to their unintended release and contamination in the environment,posing a hazardous threat to wildlife and human health.Numerous studies have demonstrated that developmental toxicity could be induced by various emerging chemicals,causing abnormal embryonic and placental development,adverse pregnancy outcomes,obesity,and dysfunction of lipid metabolism in neonates.Given the currently-available experimental technology for developmental toxicological studies,an in vitro model based on stem cells showed promising performance in high-throughput screening of the early-stage developmental toxicity of emerging chemicals.In this review,the deleterious effects of environmental pollutants on stem cells were systemically assorted from the aspects of cytological dysfunction,self-renewal impairment,perturbation in embryoid body(EB)formation,and disruption of committed lineage differentiation.The toxicological data on the molecular level,including the altered expressions of gene and protein biomarkers,epigenomic regulation,and enhanced oxidative stress,were collected and summarized to provide the mechanism explanation for the link between environmental pollutant exposure and unfavorable phenotypes in stem cells.The advantage of the stem cell model in developmental toxicological studies was specifically emphasized.And the perspectives for stem cells were ultimately highlighted in the research field of environmental toxicology,especially developmental toxicology during the early stage of life.
