利用餐厨废油制备聚氨酯用多元醇的研究

利用餐厨废油为原料代替石化原料合成多元醇,可以减少不可再生资源的消耗,同时实现餐厨废油的资源化利用,具有广阔的应用前景。文章综述了当前国内外以植物油、餐厨废油等为原料通过环氧-羟基化工艺合成聚氨酯用多元醇的研究现状。分析了环氧化工艺中利用过氧羧酸氧化法和无羧酸催化氧化法制备环氧油时使用的催化剂的优缺点。通过对利用植物油为原料合成多元醇的研究,为以餐厨废油制备多元醇提供理论依据和参考。

Impact of hydrothermal process on the nutrient ingredients of restaurant garbage

In order to recover the nutrient resource from restaurant garbage, a complete trial with 2 factors on 5 levels of experiments was carried out. The temperature and heating time are the main factors influencing on hydrothermal process （HP） by which improves the degradability and digestibility of the restaurant garbage favorably to make animal feeds or fertilizer. The results showed the variation of protein, saccharide, and oil in the garbage. It showed that protein dissolved and liquefied during hydrothermal process, which made organic nitrogen in solid phase transfer to liquid phase. After heating at 180℃ for 60min, organic nitrogen in liquid phase began to transform into ammonia. It also showed that hydrothermal process could promote the dextrinization, dissolution of the starch and its hydrolysis to reducing sugar, due to that starch in the restaurant garbage decreases and reducing sugar increases. When the temperature reached 140℃, the reducing sugar started to decrease due to chemical reactions. The cellulose was stable at 100-180℃. The floatable oil increased markedly in the hydrothermal process. The suitable condition for de-oil was observed at 160℃ heating for 80 min. Furthermore, the extraction of grease from the solid phase accords with first-order reaction dynamic model.

餐厨垃圾厌养发酵沼液制备的液态菌肥对农田土壤理化性质的影响

为研究施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥对农田土壤的影响,以中国北方典型作物冬小麦和水稻土壤为研究对象,分析在农作物整个生长周期中土壤理化性质的变化规律。结果表明:施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥可显著提高冬小麦和水稻土壤中有效氮磷含量。冬小麦土壤液态菌肥最适宜施加量为500 L/亩(1亩=666.67 m^2,下同),此时土壤中有效磷含量最高增长到94.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为81.12%;速效氮含量最高增长到1673.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为84.88%。水稻土壤液态菌肥最适宜施加量为400 L/亩,土壤中有效磷含量最高增长到220.80 mg/kg,最大增幅为137.22%;速效氮含量最高增长到1140.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为127.07%。冬小麦和水稻土壤中可溶性全盐和Cl-含量均有轻微的积累现象。通过RDA分析,冬小麦与水稻种植土壤中总磷、总氮、Cl-等与液态菌肥施加量均呈正相关,表明液态菌肥对养分的增加起到促进作用。施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥对提高农作物土壤有机组分、改善土壤肥力具有重要意义。

Fe^0对污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵及抗生素抗性基因的影响

在中温条件下以污泥为接种物,以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物,通过向厌氧发酵系统中投加不同量的Fe^0,考察其对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵过程中日产气量、累积产气量、SCOD、氨氮、挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)以及厌氧发酵体系中抗生素抗性基因行为特征的影响(包括β-内酰胺类 blaOXA-1、blaTEM,大环内脂类 ermB、ermF、mefA,磺胺类 sul1、sul2,四环素类 tetM、tetO、tetQ、tetW、tetX 和Ⅰ类整合子 intI1)。结果表明:投加Fe^0可以起到提高产气量,促进有机物的水解,缓解酸抑制的作用,当投加20 g/L Fe^0时产气量最高。由于经过湿热水解预处理,原始餐厨垃圾的抗性基因丰度较低,但接种污泥中 ermF、tetO、tetQ和tetW的丰度较高,分别为5.13×10^5,3.04×10^5,2.03×10^5,1.11×10^5 copies/g,经厌氧发酵后这4种抗性基因丰度削减明显,但是 mefA和tetM 的丰度与原始投加物料相比有所增长,投加20 g/L Fe^0与未投加Fe^0相比, mefA、tetM 2种抗性基因的丰度有一定削减。