Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent collapses of the upper airway, which lead to repetitive transient hypoxia, arousals and finally sleep fragmentation. Both anatomical and neuromuscu...Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent collapses of the upper airway, which lead to repetitive transient hypoxia, arousals and finally sleep fragmentation. Both anatomical and neuromuscular factors may play key roles in the pathophysiology of OSAS. The purpose of this paper was to study the control mechanism of OSAS from the mechanical point of view. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed, which not only reconstructed the realistic anatomical structure of the human upper airway, but also included surrounding structures such as the skull, neck, hyoid, cartilage and soft tissues. The respiration process during the normal and apnea states was simulated with the fluid-structure interaction method (FSI) and the computational fluid dynamics method (CFD). The airflow and deformation of the upper airway obtained from the FSI and the CFD method were compared and the results obtained under large negative pressure during an apnea episode were analyzed. The simulation results show that the FSI method is more feasible and effective than the CFD method. The concave configuration of the upper airway may accelerate the collapse of the upper airway in a positive feedback mechanism, which supplies meaningful information for clinical treatment and further research of OSAS.展开更多
目的观察髁突骨小梁结构单元感兴趣区(volume of interest,VOI)的分布特点,分析髁突骨小梁的三维影像解剖形态特征。方法对北京大学医学部遗体捐献的1例61岁男性尸体右侧髁突标本的micro-CT影像进行分析。在髁突骨小梁范围内不同层面按...目的观察髁突骨小梁结构单元感兴趣区(volume of interest,VOI)的分布特点,分析髁突骨小梁的三维影像解剖形态特征。方法对北京大学医学部遗体捐献的1例61岁男性尸体右侧髁突标本的micro-CT影像进行分析。在髁突骨小梁范围内不同层面按规律尽可能多地排列直径2 mm、高度2 mm的圆柱体VOI单元,且各VOI单元无交叉区域。将选取的VOI单元划分为内、中、外、前、后共5个区,从上到下共6层,通过分析每个VOI单元的骨矿物质密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、骨体积分数(bone volume/total volume,BV/TV)、骨比表面积(bone surface area/bone volume,BS/BV)、骨小梁厚度(trabecular thickness,Tb.Th)、骨小梁数量(trabecular bone number,Tb.N)、骨小梁分离度(trabecular spacing,Tb.Sp)以及骨小梁模式因子(trabecular bone pattern factor,Tb.Pf)等7个形态学参数,获取髁突骨小梁整体三维影像解剖形态特征的分布情况。结果本研究扫描的髁突标本共选取34个VOI单元,BMD、BV/TV、Tb.Th和Tb.N在中区均值较大,内区均值最小,在1、2、5、6层前区>后区,3、4层后区>前区;BMD在1层[(332.66±97.11)mg/cm^3]和6层[(344.24±45.68)mg/cm3]较高,2层[(255.79±41.06)mg/cm3]最低;BV/TV和Tb.N在1层较高,5层最低;Tb.Th在1层[(0.11±0.03)mm]较高,其余层数值相近且较低。BS/BV、Tb.Sp和Tb.Pf在1层较低,总体上内区和外区较高,中区和前区较低,1、5、6层后区>前区,3、4层前区>后区。ANOVA分析显示,VOI单元的7个形态学参数在6层间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);但在5个分区间BV/TV、BS/BV、Tb.Th、Tb.N、Tb.Sp和Tb.Pf差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),BMD则差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论本研究基于VOI单元对髁突骨小梁进行划分,获得髁突骨小梁三维影像解剖特征分布数据,显示髁突骨小梁的三维影像解剖形态区域分布不均匀,该方法可进一步分析髁突骨小梁结构的三维影像解剖形态学等特征。展开更多
Dear Editor,Pelvic organ prolapse （POP）, caused by damage of the sup- port system in the pelvic floor, is downward descent of fe- male pelvic organs, resulting in protrusion of the vagina, uterus, or both. It has be...Dear Editor,Pelvic organ prolapse （POP）, caused by damage of the sup- port system in the pelvic floor, is downward descent of fe- male pelvic organs, resulting in protrusion of the vagina, uterus, or both. It has been reported recently that POP has a prevalence of 3%-6% when defined by symptoms and up to 50% based on a vaginal examination [1]. POP is basically divided into anterior vaginal wall prolapse and posterior vaginal wall prolapse. The most common type of POP is anterior vaginal wall prolapse, clinically known as the cys- tocele [2].展开更多
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(3122020)
文摘Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent collapses of the upper airway, which lead to repetitive transient hypoxia, arousals and finally sleep fragmentation. Both anatomical and neuromuscular factors may play key roles in the pathophysiology of OSAS. The purpose of this paper was to study the control mechanism of OSAS from the mechanical point of view. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed, which not only reconstructed the realistic anatomical structure of the human upper airway, but also included surrounding structures such as the skull, neck, hyoid, cartilage and soft tissues. The respiration process during the normal and apnea states was simulated with the fluid-structure interaction method (FSI) and the computational fluid dynamics method (CFD). The airflow and deformation of the upper airway obtained from the FSI and the CFD method were compared and the results obtained under large negative pressure during an apnea episode were analyzed. The simulation results show that the FSI method is more feasible and effective than the CFD method. The concave configuration of the upper airway may accelerate the collapse of the upper airway in a positive feedback mechanism, which supplies meaningful information for clinical treatment and further research of OSAS.
文摘目的观察髁突骨小梁结构单元感兴趣区(volume of interest,VOI)的分布特点,分析髁突骨小梁的三维影像解剖形态特征。方法对北京大学医学部遗体捐献的1例61岁男性尸体右侧髁突标本的micro-CT影像进行分析。在髁突骨小梁范围内不同层面按规律尽可能多地排列直径2 mm、高度2 mm的圆柱体VOI单元,且各VOI单元无交叉区域。将选取的VOI单元划分为内、中、外、前、后共5个区,从上到下共6层,通过分析每个VOI单元的骨矿物质密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、骨体积分数(bone volume/total volume,BV/TV)、骨比表面积(bone surface area/bone volume,BS/BV)、骨小梁厚度(trabecular thickness,Tb.Th)、骨小梁数量(trabecular bone number,Tb.N)、骨小梁分离度(trabecular spacing,Tb.Sp)以及骨小梁模式因子(trabecular bone pattern factor,Tb.Pf)等7个形态学参数,获取髁突骨小梁整体三维影像解剖形态特征的分布情况。结果本研究扫描的髁突标本共选取34个VOI单元,BMD、BV/TV、Tb.Th和Tb.N在中区均值较大,内区均值最小,在1、2、5、6层前区>后区,3、4层后区>前区;BMD在1层[(332.66±97.11)mg/cm^3]和6层[(344.24±45.68)mg/cm3]较高,2层[(255.79±41.06)mg/cm3]最低;BV/TV和Tb.N在1层较高,5层最低;Tb.Th在1层[(0.11±0.03)mm]较高,其余层数值相近且较低。BS/BV、Tb.Sp和Tb.Pf在1层较低,总体上内区和外区较高,中区和前区较低,1、5、6层后区>前区,3、4层前区>后区。ANOVA分析显示,VOI单元的7个形态学参数在6层间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);但在5个分区间BV/TV、BS/BV、Tb.Th、Tb.N、Tb.Sp和Tb.Pf差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),BMD则差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论本研究基于VOI单元对髁突骨小梁进行划分,获得髁突骨小梁三维影像解剖特征分布数据,显示髁突骨小梁的三维影像解剖形态区域分布不均匀,该方法可进一步分析髁突骨小梁结构的三维影像解剖形态学等特征。
基金supported in part by the Seeding Grant for Medicine and Engineering Sciences of Peking University(2014-ME-01/02...22)
文摘Dear Editor,Pelvic organ prolapse （POP）, caused by damage of the sup- port system in the pelvic floor, is downward descent of fe- male pelvic organs, resulting in protrusion of the vagina, uterus, or both. It has been reported recently that POP has a prevalence of 3%-6% when defined by symptoms and up to 50% based on a vaginal examination [1]. POP is basically divided into anterior vaginal wall prolapse and posterior vaginal wall prolapse. The most common type of POP is anterior vaginal wall prolapse, clinically known as the cys- tocele [2].
