Dynamic complexity is often a characteristic of public health issues;to visualize these problems as a system rather than isolated elements,system dynamics modeling may be an appropriate tool.The dynamic complexity of ...Dynamic complexity is often a characteristic of public health issues;to visualize these problems as a system rather than isolated elements,system dynamics modeling may be an appropriate tool.The dynamic complexity of risk factors for lymphatic filariasis(LF)as an urban vector-borne disease has been addressed using system dynamics methodology.Some causal loop diagrams(CLDs)were designed to display the network of interactions of risk factors for urban transmission of LF and a potential set of public health interventions.A stock and flow diagram was also designed to capture the transmission dynamics as an accumulation and flow system,and a simulation model was built and executed.The system dynamics(SD)methodology is suitable for addressing the dynamic complexity of risk factors for LF in urban settings and is well-suited for public health interventions.展开更多
Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA)has a rapidly growing urban population,with water,sanitation,and hygiene(WASH)services representing the central needs for this population.Incidentally,this region has the lowest global WASH cove...Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA)has a rapidly growing urban population,with water,sanitation,and hygiene(WASH)services representing the central needs for this population.Incidentally,this region has the lowest global WASH coverage.Data from the‘WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water supply,Sanitation and Hygiene’and the‘Global Burden of Disease’study from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation were used to assess WASH coverage and related health burden in SSA,its subregions,and rural and urban areas in SSA.WASH coverage in the SSA region appears to be low,but urban coverage is better than that in rural areas;however,there is unequal access to urban WASH and poor urban areas are underserved.In addition,7.75%(5.99–9.7%)of total deaths due to diarrheal diseases across SSA are attributed to unsafe WASH with a risk factor attribution(RFA)percentage of 95.93%(91.94–98.24%).Therefore,a correlation between WASH coverage and mortality due to diarrheal diseases could be established.There is a lack of data on WASH coverage in poor urban areas,although these areas have high incidence of WASH-related diseases including diarrhea.Disaggregated urban WASH data are needed to better understand the WASH service needs of poor urban areas,which would be helpful in ensuring a more inclusive implementation of WASH services.展开更多
The sub-Saharan African region is increasingly becoming urbanized with the creation of an urban ecology that is conducive to the emergence of vector-borne diseases,such as Aedes-borne viral infections.Aedesborne viral...The sub-Saharan African region is increasingly becoming urbanized with the creation of an urban ecology that is conducive to the emergence of vector-borne diseases,such as Aedes-borne viral infections.Aedesborne viral infections pose a threat to urban health in sub-Saharan Africa.The major menacing arbovirus diseases in sub-Saharan Africa include dengue,yellow fever,chikungunya,and Zika,since they have shown(re)emergence in the last decades.In this review,we analyzed the risk factors for the resurgence of these arboviral diseases as well as their epidemiology and burden by studying the literature.The results suggested that the risk of emergence of Aedes-borne viral infections was related to the urbanicity and competence of Aedes,the genetics of these viruses,environmental factors,and the socio-economic conditions of the sub-Saharan population in urban areas.Better public health awareness and appropriate epidemiological and vector surveillance are essential.展开更多
The sub-Saharan region of Africa is rapidly urbanizing,that has consequently spurred the development of specific challenges in terms of access to basic services and sanitation.Thus,exposure to waterborne diseases,incl...The sub-Saharan region of Africa is rapidly urbanizing,that has consequently spurred the development of specific challenges in terms of access to basic services and sanitation.Thus,exposure to waterborne diseases,including cholera,has been a recurrent problem for the people residing in these urban locations.It is important to understand the different risks faced by people in urban areas as it might aid in preventing and controlling the spread of the disease.A review of literature was conducted,using specific selection criteria to obtain relevant publications that described the risk factors for cholera outbreak in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa.A perusal of available literature indicated that despite the heterogeneity in the urban areas of Africa,there are similarities with respect to the risk factors associated with the incidence of cholera epidemics.These risk factors include geographical location,hydroclimatic parameters,urban environment,genomics of the Vibrio cholerae virulence,sanitation,and human behavior.A succinct comprehension of the possible relationship between the different risk factors might prove to be helpful in managing the cholera epidemic.展开更多
文摘Dynamic complexity is often a characteristic of public health issues;to visualize these problems as a system rather than isolated elements,system dynamics modeling may be an appropriate tool.The dynamic complexity of risk factors for lymphatic filariasis(LF)as an urban vector-borne disease has been addressed using system dynamics methodology.Some causal loop diagrams(CLDs)were designed to display the network of interactions of risk factors for urban transmission of LF and a potential set of public health interventions.A stock and flow diagram was also designed to capture the transmission dynamics as an accumulation and flow system,and a simulation model was built and executed.The system dynamics(SD)methodology is suitable for addressing the dynamic complexity of risk factors for LF in urban settings and is well-suited for public health interventions.
文摘Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA)has a rapidly growing urban population,with water,sanitation,and hygiene(WASH)services representing the central needs for this population.Incidentally,this region has the lowest global WASH coverage.Data from the‘WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water supply,Sanitation and Hygiene’and the‘Global Burden of Disease’study from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation were used to assess WASH coverage and related health burden in SSA,its subregions,and rural and urban areas in SSA.WASH coverage in the SSA region appears to be low,but urban coverage is better than that in rural areas;however,there is unequal access to urban WASH and poor urban areas are underserved.In addition,7.75%(5.99–9.7%)of total deaths due to diarrheal diseases across SSA are attributed to unsafe WASH with a risk factor attribution(RFA)percentage of 95.93%(91.94–98.24%).Therefore,a correlation between WASH coverage and mortality due to diarrheal diseases could be established.There is a lack of data on WASH coverage in poor urban areas,although these areas have high incidence of WASH-related diseases including diarrhea.Disaggregated urban WASH data are needed to better understand the WASH service needs of poor urban areas,which would be helpful in ensuring a more inclusive implementation of WASH services.
文摘The sub-Saharan African region is increasingly becoming urbanized with the creation of an urban ecology that is conducive to the emergence of vector-borne diseases,such as Aedes-borne viral infections.Aedesborne viral infections pose a threat to urban health in sub-Saharan Africa.The major menacing arbovirus diseases in sub-Saharan Africa include dengue,yellow fever,chikungunya,and Zika,since they have shown(re)emergence in the last decades.In this review,we analyzed the risk factors for the resurgence of these arboviral diseases as well as their epidemiology and burden by studying the literature.The results suggested that the risk of emergence of Aedes-borne viral infections was related to the urbanicity and competence of Aedes,the genetics of these viruses,environmental factors,and the socio-economic conditions of the sub-Saharan population in urban areas.Better public health awareness and appropriate epidemiological and vector surveillance are essential.
文摘The sub-Saharan region of Africa is rapidly urbanizing,that has consequently spurred the development of specific challenges in terms of access to basic services and sanitation.Thus,exposure to waterborne diseases,including cholera,has been a recurrent problem for the people residing in these urban locations.It is important to understand the different risks faced by people in urban areas as it might aid in preventing and controlling the spread of the disease.A review of literature was conducted,using specific selection criteria to obtain relevant publications that described the risk factors for cholera outbreak in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa.A perusal of available literature indicated that despite the heterogeneity in the urban areas of Africa,there are similarities with respect to the risk factors associated with the incidence of cholera epidemics.These risk factors include geographical location,hydroclimatic parameters,urban environment,genomics of the Vibrio cholerae virulence,sanitation,and human behavior.A succinct comprehension of the possible relationship between the different risk factors might prove to be helpful in managing the cholera epidemic.
