Marine Green Algae as a Supplement for Chlorophyll and Other Nutrients in Vigna Radiata under UV-C Radiation-Induced Stress

The potential protective effect of marine green algae （Codium iyengerii） was examined in UV-C treated seedlings of Vigna radiata. The study comprises of three treatments of UV-C radiation （100-290 nm） dose for one min in alternative days. This results in deformed morphological parameters, including： decrease in plant height, fresh mass of leaves, shoots and roots, as well as leaf areas, which may be attributed with decreased in the relative growth rate, carbohydrate, amino acids, and protein contents of plant. A drastic effect of UV-C radiation was found on the photosynthetic apparatus where increase in red pigmentations on the leaves surface indicates the presence of UV-C absorbing pigments instead of chloroplast pigments. Visible spectrum of leaves chlorophyll showed reduced concentration of visible absorbing pigments which showed the deleterious effect of these radiations on physiological processes of seedlings. These negative effects of UV-C radiation on plant growth were found to be decreased by the application of green seaweed （Codium iyengerii）, and absorption spectrums of chloroplast contents showed that UV-C radiation inducing damages were appropriately managed by enhanced concentration of seaweeds which significantly increased morphological and physiological parameters like leaf, stem, root biomass, and plant height under UV-C radiation were observed.

A natural chemical technology for reducing fluoridation through chloride contents in muscles of fish

Accumulation trend of fluoride ion was carried out in 25 fish species, collected randomly from fresh water and marine water, Sindh, Pakistan to ensure the level of chloride contents by Selective Ion Electrode （SIE） method. Results showed an inverse relation in between chloride and fluoride concentration in muscles of fish under investigation, It was observed that chloride ions contents of marine water fish were significantly higher as compared with fresh water fish. This may be related with the habitat of marine water fish while no appreciable divergence in fluoride concentration in both regions was observed. This indicated that the deliberation of fluoride is the phenomena of nature of fish and self-determining. Highest concentration of fluoride ion in fresh water fish and marine water fish showed an inverse level of chloride ion in it, reflects water body conditions of both resources. A probable mechanism of accumulation of fluoride with respect to essential chloride ion which may be related with the size of ionic radii of both halides ion is described in relevant section of this article. Where a larger ionic radii of chloride ion believed to play an imperative role in reducing fluoridation in fishes. This may be regarded as natural chemical technology for reducing fluoride in muscle （edible part） of fish of both regions.

A new approach for reduction of methylene green withascorbic acid by de-oxygenation through carbondioxide

Reduction kinetics of the methylene green (MG) with ascorbic acid (AA) in acidic medium at λmax 660 nm was monitored through visible spectrophotomtry in absence and presence of sodium carbonate. CO2 release through reaction of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid, created deoxygenated atmosphere for reduction of dye which greatly boosted the reaction rate. Initially slow reaction in presence of atmospheric oxygen proceeded rapidly when sodium carbonate was added. The reaction followed fractional order kinetics with AA and zero order kinetics with MG. The rate of reaction shows no linear dependence on [H+] concentration as an acidic medium. The rate of reaction is directly related with the elevated concentration of salt, which suggests that the two same charged species are involved in the rate determining step. Secondary reactions at elevated temperature showed complex kinetics.

Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of d-fructose and d-lactose by permanganate ion in acidic medium

The oxidations of D-fructose and D-lactose were monitored spectrophotometrically by potassium permanganate in acidic medium at λmax 545 nm. Reaction demonstrated that the two oxidative species of permanganate were involved in an acidic oxidation of the sugars. It was established that respective acids of sugars as well as arabinonic and formic acid were the oxidation products. Respective acids of sugars were the results of reactive oxygen species of permanganate ions in acidic conditions while arabinonic and formic acids due to the cleavage of C__C bond through MnO-4 species. It was first order kinetics with respect to [MnO-4 ], [fructose], [lactose] and [H+]. Hg was used to accelerate the slow oxidation of lactose. Effect of varying salt electrolyte concentration was insignificant showing that the molecular species was involved in the rate determining step. Formic and arabinonic acids and respective acids were analyzed through spot and spectroscopic studies respectively. Reaction was monitored at different temperatures and thermodynamics activation parameters were determined. A mechanism consistent with kinetic studies, spectral evidences, stoichiometry of the reactions and product analysis has been proposed for the oxidation of fructose and lactose in absence and presence of catalyst respectively.

Spectrokinetics study of probable effects of diverse inorganic ions on bleaching of dye

Toluidine blue(TB)is an important anticoagulant metachromasia molecule showing a pronounced variation in the visible spectrum due to the aggregation phenomenon and electrostatic interaction with the charged synthetic and biologic polymers.The current study describes the interactive role of diverse inorganic material ions on the bleaching of toluidine blue(tolonium chloride)(TB^(+))with urea in acidic and basic media using the spectrophotometric technique.The spectra of TB and urea with different cations and anions were monitored and their characteristic features are presented here.The negative effect of added cations on reduction may be the result of altered electron pathways which led to suppression of the reduction/bleaching of TB,while a slight decrease in dye reduction by added anions may be due to the scavenging of the OH*radical.It has been observed in the case of Co^(2+)that in addition to the electron-transfer reaction,other processes like layer and precipitate formation also appear to be taking place.The dye bleaching process followed pseudo first order kinetics with respect to TB,urea,and H^(+)ion,whereas significant decoloration in the presence of urea proved that reductants control the redox reaction.No decoloration in acidic medium with diverse ions was seen compared to alkaline media,showing that water pH played an important role in the bleaching of dye.The reduction/bleaching of dye was investigated at different temperatures,and energy parameters were evaluated for a TB^(+)-Urea reaction,including the energy of activation(Ea=39.60 kJ·mol^(–1)),enthalpy of activation(ΔH#=34 kJ$mol^(–1)),entropy of activation(ΔS#=146.5 kJ mol^(–1)·K^(–1)),and free energy of activation(ΔG*=–52.35 kJ·mol^(–1)).A mechanism of interaction of diverse ions in dye bleaching and a mechanism of reduction based on the above findings is proposed.

Pre-oxidative catalytic treatment of toluidine blue with potassium permanganate in acidic solution

This article describes the potential of KMnO4 for oxidation of the thiazine dye(Toluidine blue TB)in an acidic medium.The effect of different operational parameters like initial concentration of dye,potassium permanganate,pH,ionic strength,catalyst,acids and temperature were investigated spectrophotometrically at λ_(max)=613 nm.The results showed a complete removal of the TB with mineralization of the dye solution.Smooth and complete decoloration was observed in the presence of monobasic acid(HCl)as compared to the H_(2)SO_(4) where little color removal was observed.Pb was found to be an effective catalyst in oxidation for complete and fast decolorization with mineralization.No significant change at elevated temperatures showed that an intermediate complex degraded with slight change in the temperature.UV/visible spectrophotometry and GC mass analysis showed an intermediate activated complex demethylated sulophooxide of TB which later on degraded into smaller fragments.

Thionine sensitized areobic photooxidation of thiourea in acidic medium

An investigation of the thionine sensitized aerobic photooxidation of thiourea was observed spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 598 nm.Articles reported two types of reactions which generally occur in the presence of oxygen:1)Singlet oxygen,produced by dye sensitization due to the hydrolysis that reacts with thiourea to form oxidative products like urea and other sulfur-containing fragments and 2)bleaching of dye,which leads to the reduction.The rate of reaction in all studied parameters followed first order kinetics with respect to maximum absorption of the dye in the visible band region.Reaction kinetics was significantly dependent upon the medium and the reaction accelerated more rapidly at low pH.A direct relation was exhibited between the thiourea concentration and dye sensitizer,which was not pragmatic with the concentration of dye.The reaction was effected by the temperature,and the values of energy parameters suggested that the energy of activation was low while the entropy of activation increases with the rise in temperature,which indicated a highly solvated state of intermediate complex.Lower value of ΔH* and ΔG*at elevated temperature showed that free energy is the driving force for the completion of reaction.A mechanism based on the above findings has been suggested.