AIM: To investigate the effects of ghrelin on delayed gastrointestinal transit in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. METHODS: A diabetic mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection with alloxan. Mice were ran...AIM: To investigate the effects of ghrelin on delayed gastrointestinal transit in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. METHODS: A diabetic mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection with alloxan. Mice were randomized into two main groups: normal mice group and diabetic mice group treated with ghrelin at doses of 0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 μg/kg ip. Gastric emptying (GE), intestinal transit (IT), and colonic transit (CT) were studied in mice after they had a phenol red meal following injection of ghrelin. Based on the most effective ghrelin dosage, atropine was given at 1 mg/kg 15 min before the ghrelin injection for each measurement. The mice in each group were sacrificed 20 min later and their stomachs, intestines, and colons were harvested immediately. The amount of phenol red was measured. Percentages of GE, IT, and CT were calculated. RESULTS: Percentages of GE, IT, and CT were significantly decreased in diabetic mice as compared to control mice (22.9 ± 1.4 vs 28.1 ± 1.3, 33.5 ± 1.2 vs 43.2 ± 1.9, 29.5 ± 1.9 vs 36.3 ± 1.6, P < 0.05). In the diabetic mice, ghrelin improved both GE and IT, but not CT. The most effective dose of ghrelin was 100 μg/kg and atropine blocked the prokinetic effects of ghrelin on GE and IT.CONCLUSION: Ghrelin accelerates delayed GE and IT but has no effect on CT in diabetic mice. Ghrelin may exert its prokinetic effects via the cholinergic pathway in the enteric nervous system, and therefore has therapeutic potential for diabetic patients with delayed upper gastrointestinal transit.展开更多
Smart buildings have been proven to be a kind of flexible demand response resources in the power system.To maximize the utilization of the demand response resources,such as the heating,ventilating and air-conditioning...Smart buildings have been proven to be a kind of flexible demand response resources in the power system.To maximize the utilization of the demand response resources,such as the heating,ventilating and air-conditioning(HVAC),the energy storage systems(ESSs),the plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs),and the photovoltaic systems(PVs),their controlling,operation and information communication technologies have been widely studied.Involving human behaviors and cyber space,a traditional power system evolves into a cyberphysical-social system(CPSS).Lots of new operation frameworks,controlling methods and potential resources integration techniques will be introduced.Conversely,these new techniques urge the reforming requirement of the techniques on the modeling,structure,and integration techniques of smart buildings.In this paper,a brief comprehensive survey of the modeling,controlling,and operation of smart buildings is provided.Besides,a novel CPSS-based smart building operation structure is proposed,and the integration techniques for the group of smart buildings are discussed.Moreover,available busi-ness models for aggregating the smart buildings are discussed.Furthermore,the required advanced technologies for well-developed smart buildings are outlined.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30400429
文摘AIM: To investigate the effects of ghrelin on delayed gastrointestinal transit in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. METHODS: A diabetic mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection with alloxan. Mice were randomized into two main groups: normal mice group and diabetic mice group treated with ghrelin at doses of 0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 μg/kg ip. Gastric emptying (GE), intestinal transit (IT), and colonic transit (CT) were studied in mice after they had a phenol red meal following injection of ghrelin. Based on the most effective ghrelin dosage, atropine was given at 1 mg/kg 15 min before the ghrelin injection for each measurement. The mice in each group were sacrificed 20 min later and their stomachs, intestines, and colons were harvested immediately. The amount of phenol red was measured. Percentages of GE, IT, and CT were calculated. RESULTS: Percentages of GE, IT, and CT were significantly decreased in diabetic mice as compared to control mice (22.9 ± 1.4 vs 28.1 ± 1.3, 33.5 ± 1.2 vs 43.2 ± 1.9, 29.5 ± 1.9 vs 36.3 ± 1.6, P < 0.05). In the diabetic mice, ghrelin improved both GE and IT, but not CT. The most effective dose of ghrelin was 100 μg/kg and atropine blocked the prokinetic effects of ghrelin on GE and IT.CONCLUSION: Ghrelin accelerates delayed GE and IT but has no effect on CT in diabetic mice. Ghrelin may exert its prokinetic effects via the cholinergic pathway in the enteric nervous system, and therefore has therapeutic potential for diabetic patients with delayed upper gastrointestinal transit.
基金supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Plan Funded Project(20dz1206200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51907120)Shanghai Sailing Program(19YF1423600).
文摘Smart buildings have been proven to be a kind of flexible demand response resources in the power system.To maximize the utilization of the demand response resources,such as the heating,ventilating and air-conditioning(HVAC),the energy storage systems(ESSs),the plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs),and the photovoltaic systems(PVs),their controlling,operation and information communication technologies have been widely studied.Involving human behaviors and cyber space,a traditional power system evolves into a cyberphysical-social system(CPSS).Lots of new operation frameworks,controlling methods and potential resources integration techniques will be introduced.Conversely,these new techniques urge the reforming requirement of the techniques on the modeling,structure,and integration techniques of smart buildings.In this paper,a brief comprehensive survey of the modeling,controlling,and operation of smart buildings is provided.Besides,a novel CPSS-based smart building operation structure is proposed,and the integration techniques for the group of smart buildings are discussed.Moreover,available busi-ness models for aggregating the smart buildings are discussed.Furthermore,the required advanced technologies for well-developed smart buildings are outlined.
