Exosomes-mediated tumor treatment: One body plays multiple roles

Exosomes are vesicles secreted by a variety of living cells,containing proteins,RNA and other components,which are nanoscale capsules commonly existed in the body.Exosomes play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes by participating in material and information exchange between cells,which can playmultiple roles in tumor treatment.On the one hand,exosomes can be used as carriers and biomarkers,participate in the apoptosis signaling pathway and improve chemotherapy resistance,thus playing beneficial roles in tumor treatment.On the other hand,exosomes play unfavorable roles in tumor treatment.Tumor cell exosomes contain PD-L1,which is a nuclear weapon for tumor growth,metastasis,and immunosuppression.In addition,exosomes can not only promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process,tumor angiogenesis and chemoresistance,but also participate in the autocrine pathway.In this review,the multiple roles of exosomes and their prospects in the treatment of tumor were reviewed in detail.

Machine learning phase transitions of the three-dimensional Ising universality class

Exploration of the QCD phase diagram and critical point is one of the main goals in current relativistic heavy-ion collisions.The QCD critical point is expected to belong to a three-dimensional(3D)Ising universality class.Machine learning techniques are found to be powerful in distinguishing different phases of matter and provide a new way to study the phase diagram.We investigate phase transitions in the 3D cubic Ising model using supervised learning methods.It is found that a 3D convolutional neural network can be trained to effectively predict physical quantities in different spin configurations.With a uniform neural network architecture,it can encode phases of matter and identify both second-and first-order phase transitions.The important features that discriminate different phases in the classification processes are investigated.These findings can help study and understand QCD phase transitions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Self-assembled dandelion-like NiS nanowires on biomass-based carbon aerogels as electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors

Carbon aerogels derived from biomass have low specific capacity due to the underutilized structure,limiting their application in high-performance supercapacitors.In this work,the hierarchical nickel sulfide/carbon aerogels from liquefied wood(LWCA-NiS)were synthesized via a simple two-step hydrothermal method.Benefitting from the unique 3D coral-like network structure of LWCA,selfassembled NiS nanowires with the dandelion-like structure showed high specific surface(389.1 m^(2)·g^(−1))and hierarchical pore structure,which increased affluent exposure of numerous active sites and structural stability,causing superior energy storage performance.As expected,LWCA-NiS displayed high specific capacity(131.5 mAh·g^(−1) at 1 A·g^(−1)),good rate performance,and highly reversible and excellent cycle stability(13.1%capacity fading after 5000 cycles)in the electrochemical test.Furthermore,a symmetrical supercapacitor using LWCA-NiS-10 as the electrode material delivered an energy density of 12.7 Wh·kg^(−1) at 299.85 W·kg^(−1).Therefore,the synthesized LWCA-NiS composite was an economical and sustainable candidate for the electrodes of highperformance supercapacitors.

Photothermal performance of MFe2O4 nanoparticles

Photothermal therapy(PTT) has emerged as one of the promising cancer therapy approaches.As a representative photothermal agent(PTA),magnetite possesses many advantages such as biodegradability and biocompatibility.However,photothermal instability hampers its further application.Herein,we systematically synthesized three kinds of ferrite nanoparticles and detailedly investigated their photothermal effect.Compared with Fe304 and MnFe2 O4 nanoparticles,ZnFe2 O4 nanoparticles exhibited a superior photothermal effect.After preservation for 70 days,the photothermal effect of Fe304 and MnFe2 O4 nanoparticles observably declined while ZnFe2 O4 nanoparticles showed slight decrease.Furthermore,in vitro experiment,ZnFe2 O4 nanoparticles showed little toxicity to cells and achieved outstanding effect in killing cancer cells under NIR laser irradiation.Overall,through synthesizing and studying three kinds of ferrite MFe2 O4 nanoparticles,we obtained ferrites as PTAs and learned about their changing trend in photothermal effect,expecting it can inspire further exploration of photothermal agents.