Natural Convection and Irreversibility of Nanofluid Due to Inclined Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)Filled in a Cavity with Y-Shape Heated Fin:FEM Computational

This study explains the entropy process of natural convective heating in the nanofluid-saturated cavity in a heated fin andmagnetic field.The temperature is constant on the Y-shaped fin,insulating the topwall while the remaining walls remain cold.All walls are subject to impermeability and non-slip conditions.The mathematical modeling of the problem is demonstrated by the continuity,momentum,and energy equations incorporating the inclined magnetic field.For elucidating the flow characteristics Finite ElementMethod(FEM)is implemented using stable FE pair.A hybrid fine mesh is used for discretizing the domain.Velocity and thermal plots concerning parameters are drawn.In addition,a detailed discussion regarding generation energy by monitoring changes in magnetic,viscous,total,and thermal irreversibility is provided.In addition,line graphs are created for the u and v components of the velocity profile to predict the flow behavior.Current simulations assume the dimensionless representative of magnetic field Hartmann number Ha between 0 and 100 and a magnetic field inclination between 0 and 90 degrees.A constant 4% volume proportion of nanoparticles is employed throughout all scenarios.

Series Solution of Non-Similarity Boundary-Layer Flow in Porous Medium

This paper aims to present complete series solution of non-similarity boundary-layer flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a porous wedge. The corresponding nonlinear partial differential equations are solved analytically by means of the homotopy analysis method (HAM). An auxiliary parameter is introduced to ensure the convergence of solution series. As a result, series solutions valid for all physical parameters in the whole domain are given. Then, the effects of physical parameters γ and Prandtl number Pr on the local Nusselt number and momentum thickness are investigated. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the series solutions of this kind of non-similarity boundary-layer flows are reported.

Environmental Assessment and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Drinking Water Using Geo-Spatial Technologies: Examples from Lahore Metropolitan

The contamination of drinking water in Pakistan is a serious threat to its citizens. Urbanization leads to an increased demand of drinking water supply that leads to excessive drawdown that further causes lowering of water table. The current WASA (Water and Sanitation Authority) supply network does not fulfill the demand of a growing metropolitan city of Lahore. The drawdown of Lahore is absolutely reliant on Water and Sanitation Authority (WASA) water supply network that causes numerous problems due to inappropriate management of groundwater capital and increased urbanization. This research investigates groundwater qualities: Alkalinity, Arsenic, Calcium, chloride, Total Hardness, Magnesium, Nitrate, pH and Total Dissolved solids using geographic information system (GIS). Residents of high concentrated towns, like Samnabad Town, Allama Iqbal Town, Gulberg, Data Ganj Bakhsh Town, Ravi Town and Wahga town witness cut-down of water supply mainly due to over burden on tube wells. Chemical properties of drinking water show that most of the parameters were within the allowable limits of WHO whereas the pH, and arsenic values are higher than the average. Arsenic is a carcinogenic element which causes cancer and is higher in the drinking water. Finally, this study identifies highly contaminated groundwater zones and makes it convenient to find actual pollutants. Therefore, plans are needed to protect the aquifer.

Appraisal of Deforestation in Murree through Open Source Satellite Imagery

Forests are the main source of income for humans and shelter for many rare in habitants. Forests act as carbon sink and help to reduce the effect of natural hazards like floods. The timber is among the main products of forests used for precious furniture. Forest must cover one third of the part of any country but in Pakistan, it covers less than 4%. If the deforestation continues with the same ratio, there will be a drastic change in the upcoming years. The main objective of the study is to determine deforestation rates in Murree for the years 1999-2015 through open source Landsat 7, 8 imageries. The areas with high deforestation rates are also delineated. Supervised classification is used to delineate the area under buildup, vegetation and water that was 83.85 km2, 760.63 km2 and 1.18 km2 respectively in 1999. Built up area increased up to 20% and forests declined by 23% in 2015 as compared to 1999. Remote sensing and GIS tools helped to investigate the deforestation rates with high accuracy.

A Soil Moisture Data Assimilation System for Pakistan Using PODEn4DVar and CLM4.5

Soil moisture is an important state variable for land–atmosphere interactions.It is a vital land surface variable for research on hydrology,agriculture,climate,and drought monitoring.In current study,a soil moisture data assimilation framework has been developed by using the Community Land Model version 4.5(CLM4.5)and the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)-based ensemble four-dimensional variational assimilation(PODEn4 DVar)algorithm.Assimilation experiments were conducted at four agricultural sites in Pakistan by assimilating in-situ soil moisture observations.The results showed that it was a reliable system.To quantify further the feasibility of the data assimilation(DA)system,soil moisture observations from the top four soil-depths(0–5,5–10,10–20,and 20–30 cm)were assimilated.The evaluation results indicated that the DA system improved soil moisture estimation.In addition,updating the soil moisture in the upper soil layers of CLM4.5 could improve soil moisture estimation in deeper soil layers[layer 7(L7,62.0 cm)and layer 8(L8,103.8 cm)].To further evaluate the DA system,observing system simulation experiments(OSSEs)were designed for Pakistan by assimilating daily observations.These idealized experiments produced statistical results that had higher correlation coefficients,reduced root mean square errors,and lower biases for assimilation,which showed that the DA system is able to produce and improve soil moisture estimation in Pakistan.

Quality control and homogenization of daily meteorological data in the trans-boundary region of the Jhelum River basin

Many studies such as climate variability, climate change, trend analysis, hydrological designs, agriculture decision-making etc. require long-term homogeneous datasets. Since homogeneous climate data is not available for climate analysis in Pakistan and India, the present study emphases on an extensive quality control and homogenization of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation data in the Jhelum River basin, Pakistan and India. A combination of different quality control methods and relative homogeneity tests were applied to achieve the objective of the study. To check the improvement after homogenization, correlation coefficients between the test and reference series calculated before and after the homogenization process were compared with each other. It was found that about 0.59%, 0.78% and 0.023% of the total data values are detected as outliers in maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation data, respectively. About 32% of maximum temperature, 50% of minimum temperature and 7% of precipitation time series were inhomogeneous, in the Jhelum River basin. After the quality control and homogenization, 1% to 11% improvement was observed in the infected climate variables. This study concludes that precipitation daily time series are fairly homogeneous, except two stations （Naran and Gulmarg）, and of a good quality. However, maximum and minimum temperature datasets require an extensive quality control and homogeneity check before using them into climate analysis in the Jhelum River basin.