Donkey whey proteins ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by downregulating the S100A8-TRAF6-NF-κB axis-mediated inflammatory response

Donkey milk has a variety of physiological functions, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Donkey whey proteins(DWPs), as the main functional component in donkey milk, its inhibitory effect on colitis is still unclear. In this study, the inhibitory effect and potential mechanism of DWPs on dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis were investigated. Firstly, the DWPs and bovine milk whey proteins(BWPs)were characterized using proteomics. Then, we administered DWPs and BWPs to mice with colitis via oral gavage. The results of immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry indicated that DWPs increased T regulatory cell accumulation and increased the abundance of the cluster of differentiation 205+(CD205+)macrophages compared to those with BWPs and in model groups. In addition, DWPs exhibited a more remarkable ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory proteins(S100A8, TRAF6, and NF-κB)expression and inflammatory secretion than BWPs. In addition, DWPs significantly decreased NF-κB and CD86 levels more than BWPs or the negative control in both LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or cell lines. These findings indicate that DWPs comprise a promising anti-colitis functional food, and this work has established a foundation for future research on these compounds.

Advances on Current Techniques and Methodologies in Milk Lipidomics

Milk is a complex biological fluid containing lipids,proteins,carbohydrates and minerals,which are essential for infant growth.While the lipid portion constitutes only 3%-5%of the total milk composition,it accounts for over 50%of the infant’s daily energy intake.The dominant portion(approximately 98%)is in the form of triacylglycerols and polar lipids,such as glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids,forming minor components.Recently,with the development of lipidomics,important progresses have been made in milk lipidomics,and the identification and quantification of several milk lipids at the group and molecular species level has become a reality,thereby providing useful information for the infant formula industry.In this review,an overview of the separation of the main components of milk lipids was presented,including glycerolipids,phospholipids and sphingolipids.The analytical methods and strategies for milk lipidomics,including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(MS),capillary electrophoresis MS,nuclear magnetic resonance,matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-MS,electrospray ionization-MS,shotgun lipidomics and liquid chromatography-MS,were reviewed.Additionally,the bioinformatics of lipidomics for milk lipid determination,including lipid classification,lipid databases and lipid analysis software,were investigated.This review would aid future investigations of the nutrition of milk lipids and refined researches on formula milk powder.

Comparative Analysis of Hydrolytic Amino Acids in Human and Cow Milk of Different Lactation Periods

In this study,the hydrolytic amino acids of Chinese human and Holstein cow milk of different lactation periods were analyzed by the advanced isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ)combined with the high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)approach.The total contents of the hydrolytic amino acids in cow colostrum,cow mature milk,human colostrum and human mature milk were 5.00,4.38,2.12 and 2.48 g·L^(-1),respectively.Among these,the contents of the hydrolytic amino acids in cow milk were higher than those in human milk,indicating a decreasing trend with the prolongation of lactation.Additionally,principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to further screen the differentially expressed amino acids.These results enhanced the understanding of the hydrolytic amino acids in cow and human milk across different lactation periods,which could provide potential directions for newborn dairy powder and nutritious supplementary.